Single domain antibodies directed against tumour necrosis factor-alpha and uses therefor

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to polypeptides derived from single domain heavy chain antibodies directed to Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha. It further relates to single domain antibodies that are  Camelidae  VHHs. It further relates to methods of administering said polypeptides. It further relates to protocols for screening for agents that modulate the TNF-alpha receptor, and the agents resulting from said screening.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/636,300 filed Dec. 8, 2006, currently pending, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/534,348 filed May 9,2005, currently pending, which is a National Stage of PCT/BE03/00192,filed Nov. 7, 2003, which claims priority to PCT/EP03/06581, filed Jun.23, 2003 and PCT/EP03/07313, filed Jul. 8, 2003; this application alsoclaims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/425,073,filed Nov. 8, 2002 and U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/425,063,filed Nov. 8, 2002; all of the applications are incorporated herein byreference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides polypeptides comprising one or moresingle domain antibodies directed towards tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-alpha). The present invention further relates to their use indiagnosis and therapy. Such antibodies may have a framework sequencewith high homology to the human framework sequences. Compositionscomprising antibodies to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) aloneor in combination with other drugs are described.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is believed to play an importantrole in various disorders, for example in inflammatory disorders such asrheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and multiplesclerosis. Both TNF-alpha and the receptors (CD120a, CD120b) have beenstudied in great detail. TNF-alpha in its bioactive form is a trimer andthe groove formed by neighboring subunits is important for thecytokine-receptor interaction. Several strategies to antagonize theaction of the cytokine have been developed and are currently used totreat various disease states.

A TNF-alpha inhibitor which has sufficient specificity and selectivityto TNF-alpha may be an efficient prophylactic or therapeuticpharmaceutical compound for preventing or treating disorders whereTNF-alpha has been implicated as causative agent. Methods of treatingtoxic shock (EP 486526), tumor regression, inhibition of cytotoxicity(U.S. Pat. No. 6,448,380, U.S. Pat. No. 6,451,983, U.S. Pat. No.6,498,237), autoimmune disease such as RA and Crohn's disease (EP663836, U.S. Pat. No. 5,672,347, U.S. Pat. No. 5,656,272), graft versushost reaction (U.S. Pat. No. 5,672,347), bacterial meningitis (EP585705) by means of an antibody to TNF-alpha have been described.

Yet none of the presently available drugs are completely effective forthe treatment of autoimmune disease, and most are limited by severetoxicity. In addition, it is extremely difficult and a lengthy processto develop a new chemical entity (NCE) with sufficient potency andselectivity to such target sequence. Antibody-based therapeutics on theother hand have significant potential as drugs because they haveexquisite specificity to their target and a low inherent toxicity. Inaddition, the development time can be reduced considerably when comparedto the development of new chemical entities (NCE's). However,conventional antibodies are difficult to raise against multimericproteins where the receptor-binding domain of the ligand is embedded ina groove, as is the case with TNF-alpha. Heavy chain antibodiesdescribed in the invention which are derived from Camelidae, are knownto have cavity-binding propensity (WO97/49805; Lauwereys et al, EMBO J.17, 5312, 1998)). Therefore, such heavy chain antibodies are inherentlysuited to bind to receptor binding domains of such ligands as TNF. Inaddition, such antibodies are known to be stable over long periods oftime, therefore increasing their shelf-life (Perez et al, Biochemistry,40, 74, 2001). Furthermore, such heavy chain antibody fragments can beproduced ‘en-masse’ in fermentors using cheap expression systemscompared to mammalian cell culture fermentation, such as yeast or othermicroorganisms (EP 0 698 097).

The use of antibodies derived from sources such as mouse, sheep, goat,rabbit etc., and humanised derivatives thereof as a treatment forconditions which require a modulation of inflammation is problematic forseveral reasons. Traditional antibodies are not stable at roomtemperature, and have to be refrigerated for preparation and storage,requiring necessary refrigerated laboratory equipment, storage andtransport, which contribute towards time and expense. Refrigeration issometimes not feasible in developing countries. Furthermore, themanufacture or small-scale production of said antibodies is expensivebecause the mammalian cellular systems necessary for the expression ofintact and active antibodies require high levels of support in terms oftime and equipment, and yields are very low. Furthermore the large sizeof conventional antibodies, would restrict tissue penetration, forexample, at the site of inflamed tissue. Furthermore, traditionalantibodies have a binding activity which depends upon pH, and hence areunsuitable for use in environments outside the usual physiological pHrange such as, for example, in treating gastric bleeding, gastricsurgery. Furthermore, traditional antibodies are unstable at low or highpH and hence are not suitable for oral administration. However, it hasbeen demonstrated that camelidae antibodies resist harsh conditions,such as extreme pH, denaturing reagents and high temperatures (Dumoulinet al, Protein Science 11, 500, 2002), so making them suitable fordelivery by oral administration. Furthermore, traditional antibodieshave a binding activity, which depends upon temperature, and hence areunsuitable for use in assays or kits performed at temperatures outsidebiologically active-temperature ranges (e.g. 37±20° C.).

Polypeptide therapeutics and in particular antibody-based therapeuticshave significant potential as drugs because they have exquisitespecificity to their target and a low inherent toxicity. However, it isknown by the skilled addressee that an antibody which has been obtainedfor a therapeutically useful target requires additional modification inorder to prepare it for human therapy, so as to avoid an unwantedimmunological reaction in a human individual upon administrationthereto. The modification process is commonly termed “humanisation”. Itis known by the skilled artisan that antibodies raised in species, otherthan in humans, require humanisation to render the antibodytherapeutically useful in humans ((1) CDR grafting: Protein Design Labs:U.S. Pat. No. 6,180,370, U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,761; Genentech U.S. Pat.No. 6,054,297; Celltech: 460167, EP 626390, U.S. Pat. No. 5,859,205; (2)Veneering: Xoma: U.S. Pat. No. 5,869,619, U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,886, U.S.Pat. No. 5,821,123). There is a need for a method for producingantibodies which avoids the requirement for substantial humanisation, orwhich completely obviates the need for humanisation. There is a need fora new class of antibodies which have defined framework regions or aminoacid residues and which can be administered to a human subject withoutthe requirement for substantial humanisation, or the need forhumanisation at all.

Another important drawback of conventional antibodies is that they arecomplex, large molecules and therefore relatively unstable, and they aresensitive to breakdown by proteases. This means that conventionalantibody drugs cannot be administered orally, sublingually, topically,nasally, vaginally, rectally or by inhalation because they are notresistant to the low pH at these sites, the action of proteases at thesesites and in the blood and/or because of their large size. They have tobe administered by injection (intravenously, subcutaneously, etc.) toovercome some of these problems. Administration by injection requiresspecialist training in order to use a hypodermic syringe or needlecorrectly and safely. It further requires sterile equipment, a liquidformulation of the therapeutic polypeptide, vial packing of saidpolypeptide in a sterile and stable form and, of the subject, a suitablesite for entry of the needle. Furthermore, subjects commonly experiencephysical and psychological stress prior to and upon receiving aninjection. Therefore, there is need for a method for the delivery oftherapeutic polypeptides which avoids the need for injection which isnot only cost/time saving, but which would also be more convenient andmore comfortable for the subject.

Single domain antibody-based therapeutics have significant potential asdrugs because they have exquisite specificity to their target and a lowinherent toxicity. However, improving further their intrinsic andfunctional affinity can lead to many benefits for a patient such asreduced dose of therapeutic, faster therapy, and reduced side effects.

THE AIMS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

It is an aim of the present invention is to provide polypeptidescomprising one or more single domain antibodies which bind to TNF-alpha,homologues of said polypeptides, functional portions of homologues ofsaid polypeptides. Said polypeptides modify the biological activity ofTNF-alpha upon binding. Such polypeptides might bind into thereceptor-binding groove of TNF-alpha, or might not bind in the receptorbinding groove. Such polypeptides are single domain antibodies.

It is a further aim of the present invention to provide single domainantibodies which may be any of the art, or any future single domainantibodies. Examples include, but are not limited to, heavy chainantibodies, antibodies naturally devoid of light chains, single domainantibodies derived from conventional 4-chain antibodies, engineeredantibodies and single domain scaffolds other than those derived fromantibodies. According to one aspect of the invention, a single domainantibody as used herein is a naturally occurring single domain antibodyknown as heavy chain antibody devoid of light chains (WO 9404678). Forclarity reasons, this variable domain derived from a heavy chainantibody devoid of light chain will be called VHH or nanobody todistinguish it from the conventional VH of four chain immunoglobulins.Such a VHH molecule can be derived from antibodies raised in Camelidaespecies, for example in camel, llama, dromedary, alpaca and guanaco.

It is a further aim of the invention to provide a method ofadministering anti-TNF-alpha polypeptides intravenously, subcutaneously,orally, sublingually, topically, nasally, vaginally, rectally or byinhalation.

It is a further aim of the invention to enhance the binding affinity ofmonovalent single domain antibodies.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptidecomprising at least one anti-TNF-alpha single domain antibody.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as described above wherein a single domain antibodycorresponds to a sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 16 and79 to 84.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as described above further comprising at least one singledomain antibody directed against a serum protein.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as described above wherein said serum protein is any ofserum albumin, serum immunoglobulins, thyroxine-binding protein,transferring, or fibrinogen.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as described above wherein a single domain anti-serumprotein single domain antibody correspond to a sequence represented byany of SEQ ID NOs: 26 to 29 and 85 to 97.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as described above corresponding to a sequence representedby any of SEQ ID NOs: 30 to 43.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as described above further comprising at least one singledomain antibody selected from the group consisting of anti-IFN-gammasingle domain antibody, anti-TNF-alpha receptor single domain antibodyand anti-IFN-gamma receptor single domain antibody.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as described above, wherein the number of single domainantibodies directed against TNF-alpha is at least two.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as described above corresponding to a sequence representedby any of SEQ ID NOs: 73 to 76.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as described above, wherein at least one single domainantibody is a humanized Camelidae VHHs.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as described above wherein a humanized Camelidae VHHcorresponds to a sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs: 17 to 19 and21 to 24.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a composition comprisingan anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as described above and at least one singledomain antibody from the group consisting of anti-IFN-gamma singledomain antibody, anti-TNF-alpha receptor single domain antibody andanti-IFN-gamma receptor single domain antibody, for simultaneous,separate or sequential administration to a subject.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as described above, or a composition as described abovewherein at least one anti-IFN-gamma single domain antibody correspond toa sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs: 44 to 72.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as described above, or a composition as described above,wherein said single domain antibody is an homologous sequence, afunctional portion, or a functional portion of an homologous sequence ofthe full length single domain antibody.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as described above, or a composition as described above,wherein the anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide is an homologous sequence, afunctional portion, or a functional portion of an homologous sequence ofthe full length anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as described above, or a composition as described abovewherein at least one single domain antibody is a Camelidae VHH.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a nucleic acid encodingan anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as described above.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of identifyingan agent that modulates the binding of an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide asdescribed above, to Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha comprising the steps of:

-   (a) contacting an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as described above with    a target that is Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha, in the presence and    absence of a candidate modulator under conditions permitting binding    between said polypeptide and target, and-   (b) measuring the binding between the polypeptide and target of step    (a), wherein a decrease in binding in the presence of said candidate    modulator, relative to the binding in the absence of said candidate    modulator identified said candidate modulator as an agent that    modulates the binding of an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as described    above and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of identifyingan agent that modulates Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha-mediated disordersthrough the binding of an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as described aboveto Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha comprising:

-   (a) contacting an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as described above with    a target that is Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha, in the presence and    absence of a candidate modulator under conditions permitting binding    between said polypeptide and target, and-   (b) measuring the binding between the polypeptide and target of step    (a), wherein a decrease in binding in the presence of said candidate    modulator, relative to the binding in the absence of said candidate    modulator identified, said candidate modulator as an agent that    modulates Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha-mediated disorders.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of identifyingan agent that modulates the binding of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha toits receptor through the binding of an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide asdescribed above to Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha comprising:

-   (a) contacting an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as described above with    a target that is Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, in the presence and    absence of a candidate modulator under conditions permitting binding    between said polypeptide and target, and-   (b) measuring the binding between the polypeptide and target of step    (a), wherein a decrease in binding in the presence of said candidate    modulator, relative to the binding in the absence of said candidate    modulator identified said candidate modulator as an agent that    modulates the binding of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha to its    receptor.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a kit for screening foragents that modulate Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha-mediated disorderscomprising an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as described above and TumorNecrosis Factor-alpha.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an unknown agent thatmodulates the binding of an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as describedabove to Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, identified according to the methodas described above.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an unknown agent thatmodulates Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha-mediated disorders, identifiedaccording to the methods as described above.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an unknown agent asdescribed above wherein said disorders are one or more of inflammation,rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, inflammatorybowel syndrome and multiple sclerosis.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as described above, or a nucleic acid as described above, ora composition as described above, or an agent as described above fortreating and/or preventing and/or alleviating disorders relating toinflammatory processes.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a use of ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as described above or a nucleic acid asdescribed above, or a composition as described above, or an agent asdescribed above for the preparation of a medicament for treating and/orpreventing and/or alleviating disorders relating to inflammatoryreactions.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as described above or a composition as described above, fortreating and/or preventing and/or alleviating disorders susceptible tomodulation by a TNF-alpha modulating substance which is able passthrough the gastric environment without the substance being inactivated.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an use of ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as described above or a composition asdescribed above, for the preparation of a medicament for treating,preventing and/or alleviating the symptoms of disorders susceptible tomodulation by a TNF-alpha modulating substance which is able passthrough the gastric environment without the substance being inactivated.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as described above or a composition as described above, fortreating and/or preventing and/or alleviating disorders susceptible tomodulation by a TNF-alpha modulating substance delivered to the vaginaland/or rectal tract.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a use of ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as described above or a composition asdescribed above, for the preparation of a medicament for treating,preventing and/or alleviating the symptoms of disorders susceptible tomodulation by a TNF-alpha modulating substance delivered to the vaginaland/or rectal tract.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as described above or a composition as described above, fortreating and/or preventing and/or alleviating disorders susceptible tomodulation by a TNF-alpha modulating substance delivered to the nose,upper respiratory tract and/or lung.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a use of ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as described above or a composition asdescribed above, for the preparation of a medicament for treating,preventing and/or alleviating the symptoms of disorders susceptible tomodulation by a TNF-alpha modulating substance delivered to the nose,upper respiratory tract and/or lung.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as described above or a composition as described above, fortreating and/or preventing and/or alleviating disorders susceptible tomodulation by a TNF-alpha modulating substance delivered to theintestinal mucosa, wherein said disorder increases the permeability ofthe intestinal mucosa.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a use of ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as described above or a composition asdescribed above, for the preparation of a medicament for treating,preventing and/or alleviating the symptoms of disorders susceptible tomodulation by a TNF-alpha modulating substance delivered to theintestinal mucosa, wherein said disorder increases the permeability ofthe intestinal mucosa.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as described above or a composition as described above, fortreating and/or preventing and/or alleviating disorders susceptible tomodulation by a TNF-alpha modulating substance which is able passthrough the tissues beneath the tongue effectively.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a use of ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as described above or a composition asdescribed above, for the preparation of a medicament for treating,preventing and/or alleviating the symptoms of disorders susceptible tomodulation by a TNF-alpha modulating substance which is able passthrough the tissues beneath the tongue effectively.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as described above or a composition as described above, fortreating and/or preventing and/or alleviating disorders susceptible tomodulation by a TNF-alpha modulating substance which is able passthrough the skin effectively.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a use of ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as described above or a composition asdescribed above, for the preparation of a medicament for treating,preventing and/or alleviating the symptoms of disorders susceptible tomodulation by a TNF-alpha modulating substance which is able passthrough the skin effectively.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a method as describedabove, a kit as described above, a nucleic acid or agent as describedabove, use of a nucleic acid or agent as described above, a compositionas described above, use of a composition as described above, ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as described above, use of an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as described above wherein said disorders are any ofinflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis,inflammatory bowel syndrome, multiple sclerosis, Addison's disease,Autoimmune hepatitis, Autoimmune parotitis, Diabetes Type I,Epididymitis, Glomerulonephritis, Graves' disease, Guillain-Barresyndrome, Hashimoto's disease, Hemolytic anemia, Systemic lupuserythematosus, Male infertility, Multiple sclerosis, Myasthenia Gravis,Pemphigus, Psoriasis, Rheumatic fever, Rheumatoid arthritis,Sarcoidosis, Scleroderma, Sjogren's syndrome, Spondyloarthropathies,Thyroiditis, and Vasculitis.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a composition comprisinga nucleic acid or agent as described above, an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as described above, or a composition as described above, anda suitable pharmaceutical vehicle.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of diagnosing adisorder characterised by the dysfunction of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alphacomprising:

-   (a) contacting a sample with an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as    described above,-   (b) detecting binding of said polypeptide to said sample, and-   (c) comparing the binding detected in step (b) with a standard,    wherein a difference in binding relative to said sample is    diagnostic of a disorder characterised by dysfunction of Tumor    Necrosis Factor-alpha.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a kit for screening for adisorder as cited above, using a method as described above.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a kit for screening for adisorder as cited above comprising an isolated anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as described above.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a use of ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as described above for the purification ofsaid Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a use of ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as described above for inhibiting theinteraction between Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha and one or more TumorNecrosis Factor-alpha receptors.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for producing ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as described above comprising the steps of:

-   (a) obtaining double stranded DNA encoding a Camelidae VHH directed    to Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha,-   (b) cloning and expressing the DNA selected in step (b).

Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of producing ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as described above comprising:

-   (a) culturing host cells comprising nucleic acid capable of encoding    an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as described above, under conditions    allowing the expression of the polypeptide, and,-   (b) recovering the produced polypeptide from the culture.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a method as describedabove, wherein said host cells are bacterial or yeast.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a kit for screening forany of inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerativecolitis, inflammatory bowel syndrome or multiple sclerosis comprising ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as described above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES AND TABLES

FIG. 1 Alignment of anti-human TNF VHH's as described in Example 1:VHH#3G (SEQ ID NO:121), VHH#3E (SEQ ID NO:122), VHH#1A (SEQ ID NO:123),VHH#2B (SEQ ID NO:124), VHH#12B (SEQ ID NO:125), VHH#7B (SEQ ID NO:126).

FIG. 2 Dilution series of anti-human TNF-alpha VHHs as tested in ELISAaccording to Example 1.

FIG. 3 Antagonistic effect of VHH as determined in cytotoxicity assayusing human cell line KYM according to Example 1.

FIG. 4 In vitro receptor binding assay of wild type VHH#12B and mutantA74S+Y76N+K83R+P84A.

FIG. 5 In vitro receptor binding assay of wild type VHH#12B and mutant1E+Q5LA74S+Y76N+K83R+P84A.

FIG. 6 Binding in ELISA of wild type VHH#3E and mutant VHH's.

FIG. 7 In vitro receptor binding assay of wild type VHH#3E and mutantVHH's.

FIG. 8 Alignment of antagonistic anti-mouse TNF's as described inExample 3: VHH#m3F (SEQ ID NO:127), VHH#m4B (SEQ ID NO:128), VHH#m9A(SEQ ID NO:129), VHH#m9E (SEQ ID NO:130).

FIG. 9 Antagonistic effect of anti-mouse TNF VHH as determined incytotoxicity assay using murine cell line L929 according to Example 3.

FIG. 10 EcoRI—HindIII insert (SEQ ID NOs:131, 132) of vector pAX11(pUC119 backbone) for production of bi-valent or bispecific VHH.

FIG. 11 Coomassie-stained PAGE (15%) of IMAC-purified mono-(lane 8),bi-(lane 1), tri-(lanes 2, 3 and 5) and tetravalent (lanes 4, 6 and 7)anti-TNFa VHH.

FIG. 12 Chromatogram of the analysis by gel filtration on Superdex 75HRof the mono-, bi-, tri and tetravalent VHH.

FIG. 13 Comparison of the antagonistic characteristics of the mono-,bi-, tri- and tetravalent form of the anti-human TNF VHH with theclinically used products Remicade and Enbrel.

FIG. 14 Antagonistic behaviour of the mono- and bivalent VHH's directedagainst mouse TNFalpha.

FIG. 15 Coomassie stained PAGE of VHH-Fc-fusion derived from human IgG1described in Example 4.

FIG. 16 Antagonistic efficacy of VHH-Fc fusion derived from VHH#3Ecompared with bivalent format of VHH#3E as determined in bioassay.

FIG. 17 ELISA of reference and pepsin-treated TNF3E at pH2.2, pH3.2 andpH4.2 (100% is the signal measured at a 1/100 dilution).

FIG. 18 Experimental setting.

Table 1 Amino acid sequence listing of the peptides of aspects ofpresent invention directed against TNF-alpha.

Table 2 List of mutagenesis reactions, mutagenic primers and templatesused for mutagenesis of VHH#12B: mutation A74S+Y76N+K83R+P84A (SEQ IDNOs: 107, 108); mutation Q1E+Q5L+A74S+Y76N+K83R+P84A (SEQ ID NOs: 109,110); mutation Q1E+Q5L+A74S+Y76N+K83R+P84A+T93A (SEQ ID NOs:111,112).

Table 3 List of mutagenesis reactions, mutagenic primers and templatesused for mutagenesis of VHH#3E: mutation F37V (SEQ ID NOs: 113, 114);mutation E44G (SEQ ID NOs: 115, 116); mutation R45L (SEQ ID NOs: 117,118); mutation F47W (SEQ ID NOs: 119, 120).

Table 4 Overview of humanised and wild type VHH.

Table 5 Anti-mouse serum albumin/anti TNF-alpha

Table 6 Amino acid sequence listing of VHH's directed against humanIFN-gamma.

Table 7 Sequences of bivalent (BIV 3E, BIV#m3F), trivalent (TRI3E) ortetravalent (TETRA 3E) VHH directed against TNF-alpha.

Table 8 Fractional homologies between the amino acid sequences ofanti-mouse serum albumin VHHs of the invention.

Table 9 Fractional homologies between anti-TNF-alpha VHHs of theinvention.

Table 10 Percentage homologies between anti-IFN-gamma VHHs of theinvention.

Table 11 Treatment schedule.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates to an anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-alpha) polypeptide, comprising one or more single domain antibodieswhich are directed against TNF-alpha. The invention also relates tonucleic acids capable of encoding said polypeptides.

Single domain antibodies are antibodies whose complementary determiningregions are part of a single domain polypeptide. Examples include, butare not limited to, heavy chain antibodies, antibodies naturally devoidof light chains, single domain antibodies derived from conventional4-chain antibodies, engineered antibodies and single domain scaffoldsother than those derived from antibodies. Single domain antibodies maybe any of the art, or any future single domain antibodies. Single domainantibodies may be derived from any species including, but not limited tomouse, human, camel, llama, goat, rabbit, bovine. According to oneaspect of the invention, a single domain antibodies as used herein is anaturally occurring single domain antibody known as heavy chain antibodydevoid of light chains. Such single domain antibodies are disclosed inWO 94/04678 for example. For clarity reasons, this variable domainderived from a heavy chain antibody naturally devoid of light chain isknown herein as a VHH or nanobody to distinguish it from theconventional VH of four chain immunoglobulins. Such a VHH molecule canbe derived from antibodies raised in Camelidae species, for example incamel, dromedary, llama, alpaca and guanaco. bther species besidesCamelidae may produce heavy chain antibodies naturally devoid of lightchain; such VHHs are within the scope of the invention.

VHHs, according to the present invention, and as known to the skilledaddressee are heavy chain variable domains derived from immunoglobulinsnaturally devoid of light chains such as those derived from Camelidae asdescribed in WO 94/04678 (and referred to hereinafter as VHH domains ornanobodies). VHH molecules are about 10× smaller than IgG molecules.They are single polypeptides and very stable, resisting extreme pH andtemperature conditions. Moreover, they are resistant to the action ofproteases which is not the case for conventional antibodies.Furthermore, in vitro expression of VHHs produces high yield, properlyfolded functional VHHs. In addition, antibodies generated in Camelidswill recognize epitopes other than those recognised by antibodiesgenerated in vitro through the use of antibody libraries or viaimmunisation of mammals other than Camelids (WO 9749805). As such,anti-TNF-alpha VHH's may interact more efficiently with TNF-alpha thanconventional antibodies, thereby blocking its interaction with theTNF-alpha receptor more efficiently.

According to the invention, TNF-alpha is derived from any species.Examples of species relevant to the invention include as rabbits, goats,mice, rats, cows, calves, camels, llamas, monkeys, donkeys, guinea pigs,chickens, sheep, dogs, cats, horses, and preferably humans.

TNF-alpha is also a fragment of TNF-alpha, capable of eliciting animmune response. TNF-alpha is also a fragment of TNF-alpha, capable ofbinding to a single domain antibody raised against the full lengthTNF-alpha.

A single domain antibody directed against TNF-alpha means single domainantibody that it is capable of binding to TNF-alpha with an affinity ofbetter than 10⁻⁶ M.

One embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF polypeptide,wherein the single domain antibodies comprise Camelidae VHH directedagainst TNF-alpha.

The one or more single domain antibodies of the anti-TNF polypeptidewhich are directed against a TNF-alpha may be of the same sequence.Alternatively they may not all have the same sequence. It is within thescope of the invention that an anti-TNF polypeptide comprisesanti-TNF-alpha single domain antibodies which do not all share the samesequence, but which are directed against the same target, one or moreantigens thereof.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide, wherein a single domain antibody corresponds to a sequencerepresented by any of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 16 and 79 to 84 as shown inTable 1. Said sequences are derived from Camelidae heavy chainantibodies (VHHs) which are directed against TNF-alpha.

The present invention further relates to an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide,wherein said single domain antibody is a VHH directed against TNF-alpha,wherein the VHH belongs to a class having human-like sequences. Theclass is characterised in that the VHHs carry an amino acid from thegroup consisting of glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine,proline, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, methionine, serine,threonine, asparagine, or glutamine at position 45, such as, forexample, L45 and a tryptophan at position 103, according to the Kabatnumbering. The new class of Camelidae single-domain antibodies describedin this invention (Table 1, Example 1) is represented by VHH#2B (SEQ IDNO: 3) and VHH#12B (SEQ ID No. 14) containing the hydrophobic residuesin FR2 in combination with the hydrophobic residue tryptophan atposition 103.

Another human-like class of Camelidae single domain antibodiesrepresented by sequences VHH#1A (SEQ ID NO. 1), VHH#4B (SEQ ID NO. 12),VHH#8-29 (SEQ ID NO. 81), VHH#8-41 (SEQ ID NO. 82), VHH#8-42 (SEQ ID NO.83) and VHH#8-44 (SEQ ID NO. 84) (Table 1, Example 1) have beendescribed in WO03035694 and contain the hydrophobic FR2 residuestypically found in conventional antibodies of human origin or from otherspecies, but compensating this loss in hydrophilicity by the chargedarginine residue on position 103 that substitutes the conservedtryptophan residue present in VH from double-chain antibodies. As such,peptides belonging to these two classes show a high amino acid sequencehomology to human VH framework regions and said peptides might beadministered to a human directly without expectation of an unwantedimmune response therefrom, and without the burden of furtherhumanisation. The invention also relates to nucleic acids capable ofencoding said polypeptides.

Therefore, one aspect of the present invention allows for the directadministration of an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide, wherein the singledomain antibodies belong to the humanized class of VHH, and comprise asequence represented by any of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 12, 14, 81, 82, 83, and84 to a patient in need of the same.

Any of the VHHs as used by the invention may be of the traditional classor of the classes of human-like Camelidae antibodies. Said antibodiesmay be directed against whole TNF-alpha or a fragment thereof, or afragment of a homologous sequence thereof. These polypeptides includethe full length Camelidae antibodies, namely Fc and VHH domains,chimeric versions of heavy chain Camelidae antibodies with a human Fcdomain or VHH's by themselves or derived fragments.

Anti-serum albumin VHH's may interact in a more efficient way with serumalbumin than conventional antibodies which is known to be a carrierprotein. As a carrier protein some of the epitopes of serum albumin maybe inaccessible by bound proteins, peptides and small chemicalcompounds. Since VHH's are known to bind into ‘unusual’ ornon-conventional epitopes such as cavities (WO 97/49805), the affinityof such VHH's to circulating albumin may be increased.

The present invention also relates to the finding that an anti-TNFpolypeptide as described herein further comprising one or more singledomain antibodies directed against one or more serum proteins of asubject, surprisingly has significantly prolonged half-life in thecirculation of said subject compared with the half-life of theanti-TNF-alpha single domain antibody when not part of said construct.Examples of such polypeptides are represented in Table 5 by SEQ ID NOs:30 to 43. Furthermore, the said polypeptides were found to exhibit thesame favourable properties of single domain antibodies such as highstability remaining intact in mice, extreme pH resistance, hightemperature stability and high target affinity.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide further comprising one or more single domain antibodiesdirected against one or more serum proteins, said anti-TNF alphapolypeptide comprising a sequence corresponding to any represented bySEQ ID NOs: 30 to 43 (Table 5).

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide, wherein an anti-serum protein single domain antibodycorresponds to a sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs: 26 to 29 and85 to 97 as shown in Table 5.

The serum protein may be any suitable protein found in the serum ofsubject. In one aspect of the invention, the serum protein is serumalbumin, serum immunoglobulins, thyroxine-binding protein, transferrin,or fibrinogen. Depending on the intended use such as the requiredhalf-life for effective treatment and/or compartimentalisation of thetarget antigen, the VHH-partner can be directed to one of the aboveserum proteins.

Another aspect of the invention is an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide asdisclosed herein further comprising at least one polypeptide selectedfrom the group consisting of an anti-IFN-gamma polypeptide, ananti-TNF-alpha receptor polypeptide and anti-IFN-gamma receptorpolypeptide.

It is an embodiment of the invention that a single domain antibodydirected against IFN-gamma corresponds to a sequence represented by anyof SEQ ID NOs: 44 to 72 as shown in Table 6.

According to one aspect of the invention, a single domain antibody isdirected against TNF-alpha receptor. Said single domain antibody may bea Camelidae VHH.

According to one aspect of the invention, a single domain antibody isdirected against IFN-gamma receptor. Said single domain antibody may bea Camelidae VHH.

Another aspect of the invention is a method of treating an autoimmunedisease or condition as cited herein, comprising administering to apatient an effective amount of an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide furthercomprising a least one polypeptide selected from the group consisting ofanti-IFN-gamma polypeptide, anti-TNF-alpha receptor polypeptide andanti-IFN-gamma receptor polypeptide, such polypeptides joined to eachother as described below.

Such multi-specific constructs may have improved potency as inflammatorytherapeutic compound over mono-specific constructs.

One aspect of the invention is a composition comprising ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as disclosed herein and at least onepolypeptide selected from the group consisting of anti-IFN-gammapolypeptide, anti-TNF-alpha receptor polypeptide and anti-IFN-gammareceptor polypeptide, for simultaneous, separate or sequentialadministration to a subject.

One aspect of the invention is a method for treating autoimmune diseasecomprising administering to an individual an effective amount of ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide and a least one polypeptide selected from thegroup consisting of anti-IFN-gamma polypeptide, anti-TN F-alpha receptorpolypeptide and anti-I FN-gamma receptor polypeptide, simultaneously,separately or sequentially.

Another aspect of the invention is a kit containing an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide and a least one polypeptide selected from the groupconsisting of anti-IFN-gamma polypeptide, anti-TNF-alpha receptorpolypeptide and anti-IFN-gamma receptor polypeptide for simultaneous,separate or sequential administration to a subject. It is an aspect ofthe invention that the kit may be used according to the invention. It isan aspect of the invention that the kit may be used to treat thediseases as cited herein.

By simultaneous administration means the polypeptides are administeredto a subject at the same time. For example, as a mixture of thepolypeptides or a composition comprising said polypeptides. Examplesinclude, but are not limited to a solution administered intraveneously,a tablet, liquid, topical cream, etc., wherein each preparationcomprises the polypeptides of interest.

By separate administration means the polypeptides are administered to asubject at the same time or substantially the same time. Thepolypeptides are present in the kit as separate, unmixed preparations.For example, the different polypeptides may be present in the kit asindividual tablets. The tablets may be administered to the subject byswallowing both tablets at the same time, or one tablet directlyfollowing the other.

By sequential administration means the polypeptides are administered toa subject sequentially. The polypeptides are present in the kit asseparate, unmixed preparations. There is a time interval between doses.For example, one polypeptide might be administered up to 336, 312, 288,264, 240, 216, 192, 168, 144, 120, 96, 72, 48, 24, 20, 16, 12, 8, 4, 2,1, or 0.5 hours after the other component.

In sequential administration, one polypeptide may be administered once,or any number of times and in various doses before and/or afteradministration of another polypeptide. Sequential administration may becombined with simultaneous or sequential administration.

The medical uses of the anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide described below, alsoapply to the composition comprising an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide asdisclosed herein and at least one polypeptide selected from the groupconsisting of anti-IFN-gamma polypeptide, anti-TNF-alpha receptorpolypeptide and anti-IFN-gamma receptor polypeptide, for simultaneous,separate or sequential administration to a subject as disclosed hereabove.

According to one aspect of the invention, an anti-IFN-gamma polypeptideanti-TNF-alpha a single domain antibody directed against IFN-gamma. Saidsingle domain antibody may be a Camelidae VHH.

It is an embodiment of the invention that a single domain antibodydirected against IFN-gamma corresponds to a sequence represented by anyof SEQ ID NOs: 44 to 72 as shown in Table 6.

According to one aspect of the invention, anti-TNF-alpha a single domainantibody directed against TNF-alpha receptor. Said single domainantibody may be a Camelidae VHH.

According to one aspect of the invention, an anti-IFN-gamma receptorpolypeptide anti-TNF-alpha a single domain antibody directed againstIFN-gamma receptor. Said single domain antibody may be a Camelidae VHH.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as disclosed herein, wherein the number of single domainantibodies directed against TNF-alpha is two or more. Such multivalentanti-TNF-alpha polypeptides have the advantage of unusually highfunctional affinity for the target, displaying much higher than expectedinhibitory properties compared to their monovalent counterparts.

The multivalent anti-TNF-alpha polypeptides have functional affinitiesthat are several orders of magnitude higher than the monovalent parentanti-TNF-alpha polypeptides. The inventors have found that thefunctional affinities of these multivalent polypeptides are much higherthan those reported in the prior art for bivalent and multivalentantibodies. Surprisingly, anti-TNF-alpha polypeptides of the presentinvention linked to each other directly (SEQ ID No. 77 and 78) or via ashort linker sequence show the high functional affinities expectedtheoretically with multivalent conventional four-chain antibodies.

The inventors have found that such large increased functional activitiescan be detected preferably with antigens composed of multidomain andmultimeric proteins, either in straight binding assays or in functionalassays, e.g. cytotoxicity assays.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as disclosed herein, wherein the number of single domainantibodies directed against TNF-alpha is two or more, saidanti-TNF-alpha polypeptide comprising a sequence corresponding to anyrepresented by SEQ ID NOs: 73 to 76.

The single domain antibodies may be joined to form any of thepolypeptides disclosed herein comprising more than one single domainantibody using methods known in the art or any future method. Forexample, they may be fused by chemical cross-linking by reacting aminoacid residues with an organic derivatising agent such as described byBlattler et al, Biochemistry 24,1517-1524; EP294703. Alternatively, thesingle domain antibody may be fused genetically at the DNA level i.e. apolynucleotide construct formed which encodes the complete polypeptideconstruct comprising one or more anti-target single domain antibodiesand one or more anti-serum protein single domain antibodies. A methodfor producing bivalent or multivalent VHH polypeptide constructs isdisclosed in PCT patent application WO 96/34103. One way of joiningmultiple single domain antibodies is via the genetic route by linkingsingle domain antibody coding sequences either directly or via a peptidelinker. For example, the C-terminal end of the first single domainantibody may be linked to the N-terminal end of the next single domainantibody. This linking mode can be extended in order to link additionalsingle domain antibodies for the construction and production of tri-,tetra-, etc. functional constructs.

According to one aspect of the present invention, the single domainantibodies are linked to each other directly, without use of a linker.Contrary to joining bulky conventional antibodies where a linkersequence is needed to retain binding activity in the two subunits,polypeptides of the invention can be linked directly (SEQ ID No. 77 and78) thereby avoiding potential problems of the linker sequence, such asantigenicity when administered to a human subject, instability of thelinker sequence leading to dissociation of the subunits.

According to another aspect of the present invention, the single domainantibodies are linked to each other via a peptide linker sequence. Suchlinker sequence may be a naturally occurring sequence or a non-naturallyoccurring sequence. The linker sequence is expected to benon-immunogenic in the subject to which the anti-TNF-alpha polypeptideis administered. The linker sequence may provide sufficient flexibilityto the multivalent anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide, at the same time beingresistant to proteolytic degradation. A non-limiting example of a linkersequences is one that can be derived from the hinge region of VHHsdescribed in WO 96/34103.

According to another aspect of the invention, multivalent single domainantibodies comprising more than two single domain antibodies can belinked to each other either directly or via a linker sequence. Suchconstructs are difficult to produce with conventional antibodies and dueto steric hindrance of the bulky subunits, functionality will be lost orgreatly diminished rather than increased considerably as seen with VHH'sof the invention compared to the monovalent construct (see FIG. 12 forgel filtration analyses of such multivalent VHH constructs).

The polypeptide constructs disclosed herein may be made by the skilledartisan according to methods known in the art or any future method. Forexample, VHHs may be obtained using methods known in the art such as byimmunising a camel and obtaining hybridomas therefrom, or by cloning alibrary of single domain antibodies using molecular biology techniquesknown in the art and subsequent selection by using phage display.

According to an aspect of the invention an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptidemay be a homologous sequence of a full-length anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide. According to another aspect of the invention, ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide may be a functional portion of a full-lengthanti-TNF-alpha polypeptide. According to another aspect of theinvention, an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide may be a homologous sequence ofa full-length anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide. According to another aspect ofthe invention, an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide may be a functional portionof a homologous sequence of a full-length anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide.According to an aspect of the invention an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptidemay comprise a sequence of an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide.

According to an aspect of the invention a single domain antibody used toform an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide may be a complete single domainantibody (e.g. a VHH) or a homologous sequence thereof. According toanother aspect of the invention, a single domain antibody used to formthe polypeptide construct may be a functional portion of a completesingle domain antibody. According to another aspect of the invention, asingle domain antibody used to form the polypeptide construct may be ahomologous sequence of a complete single domain antibody. According toanother aspect of the invention, a single domain antibody used to formthe polypeptide construct may be a functional portion of a homologoussequence of a complete single domain antibody.

As used herein, an homologous sequence of the present invention maycomprise additions, deletions or substitutions of one or more aminoacids, which do not substantially alter the functional characteristicsof the polypeptides of the invention. The number of amino acid deletionsor substitutions is preferably up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65,66, 67, 68, 69 or 70 amino acids.

A homologous sequence according to the present invention may apolypeptide modified by the addition, deletion or substitution of aminoacids, said modification not substantially altering the functionalcharacteristics compared with the unmodified polypeptide.

A homologous sequence according to the present invention may be apolypeptide modified by the addition, deletion or substitution of aminoacids, said modification not substantially altering the functionalcharacteristics compared with the unmodified polypeptide.

A homologous sequence according to the present invention may be asequence which exists in other Camelidae species such as, for example,camel, dromedary, llama, alpaca, guanaco etc.

Where homologous sequence indicates sequence identity, it means asequence which presents a high sequence identity (more than 70%, 75%,80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 98% sequence identity) with the parent sequenceand is preferably characterised by similar properties of the parentsequence, namely affinity, said identity calculated using known methods.

Alternatively, an homologous sequence may also be any amino acidsequence resulting from allowed substitutions at any number of positionsof the parent sequence according to the formula below:

Ser substituted by Ser, Thr, Gly, and Asn;

Arg substituted by one of Arg, His, Gin, Lys, and Glu;

Leu substituted by one of Leu, Ile, Phe, Tyr, Met, and Val;

Pro substituted by one of Pro, Gly, Ala, and Thr;

Thr substituted by one of Thr, Pro, Ser, Ala, Gly, His, and Gln;

Ala substituted by one of Ala, Gly, Thr, and Pro;

Val substituted by one of Val, Met, Tyr, Phe, Ile, and Leu;

Gly substituted by one of Gly, Ala, Thr, Pro, and Ser;

Ile substituted by one of Ile, Met, Tyr, Phe, Val, and Leu;

Phe substituted by one of Phe, Trp, Met, Tyr, Ile, Val, and Leu;

Tyr substituted by one of Tyr, Trp, Met, Phe, Ile, Val, and Leu;

His substituted by one of His, Glu, Lys, Gln, Thr, and Arg;

Gln substituted by one of Gin, Glu, Lys, Asn, His, Thr, and Arg;

Asn substituted by one of Asn, Glu, Asp, Gln, and Ser;

Lys substituted by one of Lys, Glu, Gln, His, and Arg;

Asp substituted by one of Asp, Glu, and Asn;

Glu substituted by one of Glu, Asp, Lys, Asn, Gln, His, and Arg;

Met substituted by one of Met, Phe, Ile, Val, Leu, and Tyr.

A homologous nucleotide sequence according to the present invention mayrefer to nucleotide sequences of more than 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500,600, 800 or 1000 nucleotides able to hybridize to the reverse-complementof the nucleotide sequence capable of encoding the patent sequence,under stringent hybridisation conditions (such as the ones described bySambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, Laboratory Manuel, Cold Spring,Harbor Laboratory press, New York).

As used herein, a functional portion refers to a sequence of a singledomain antibody that is of sufficient size such that the interaction ofinterest is maintained with affinity of 1×10⁻⁶ M or better.

Alternatively, a functional portion comprises a partial deletion of thecomplete amino acid sequence and still maintains the binding site(s) andprotein domain(s) necessary for the binding of and interaction with thetarget.

As used herein, a functional portion refers to less than 100% of thecomplete sequence (e.g., 99%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60% 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%,10%, 5%, 1% etc.), but comprises 5 or more amino acids or 15 or morenucleotides.

Targets as mentioned herein such as TNF-alpha, TNF-alpha receptor, serumproteins (e.g. serum albumin, serum immunoglobulins, thyroxine-bindingprotein, transferrin, fibrinogen) and IFN-gamma, IFN-gamma receptor maybe fragments of said targets. Thus a target is also a fragment of saidtarget, capable of eliciting an immune response. A target is also afragment of said target, capable of binding to a single domain antibodyraised against the full length target.

A fragment as used herein refers to less than 100% of the sequence(e.g., 99%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10% etc.), butcomprising 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,22, 23, 24, 25 or more amino acids. A fragment is of sufficient lengthsuch that the interaction of interest is maintained with affinity of1×10−6 M or better.

A fragment as used herein also refers to optional insertions, deletionsand substitutions of one or more amino acids which do not substantiallyalter the ability of the target to bind to a single domain antibodyraised against the wild-type target. The number of amino acid insertionsdeletions or substitutions is preferably up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62,63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 or 70 amino acids.

A homologous sequence of the present invention may include ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide which has been humanised. The humanisation ofantibodies of the new class of VHHs would further reduce the possibilityof unwanted immunological reaction in a human individual uponadministration.

One embodiment of the present invention relates to a method forpreparing modified polypeptides based upon llama antibodies bydetermining the amino acid residues of the antibody variable domain(VHH) which may be modified without diminishing the native affinity ofthe domain for antigen and while reducing its immunogenicity withrespect to a heterologous species; the use of VHHs having modificationsat the identified residues which are useful for administration toheterologous species; and to the VHH so modified.

More specifically, the invention relates to the preparation of modifiedVHHs, which are modified for administration to humans, the resulting VHHthemselves, and the use of such “humanized” VHHs in the treatment ofdiseases in humans. By humanised is meant mutated so that immunogenicityupon administration in human patients is minor or nonexistent.Humanising a polypeptide, according to the present invention, comprisesa step of replacing one or more of the Camelidae amino acids by theirhuman counterpart as found in the human consensus sequence, without thatpolypeptide losing its typical character, i.e. the humanisation does notsignificantly affect the antigen binding capacity of the resultingpolypeptide. Such methods are known by the skilled addressee.

Humanization of Camelidae single domain antibodies requires theintroduction and mutagenesis of a limited amount of amino acids in asingle polypeptide chain. This is in contrast to humanization of scFv,Fab, (Fab)2 and IgG, which requires the introduction of amino acidchanges in two chains, the light and the heavy chain and thepreservation of the assembly of both chains.

As a non-limited example, the polypeptide of VHH#12B containinghuman-like residues in FR2 was humanized. Humanization requiredmutagenesis of residues in FR1 at position 1 and 5 which were introducedby the primer used for repertoire cloning and do not occur naturally inthe llama sequence. Mutagenesis of those residues did not result in lossof binding and/or inhibition activity. Humanization also requiredmutagenesis of residues in FR3 at position 74, 76, 83, 84, 93.Mutagenesis of those residues did not result in a dramatic loss ofbinding and/or inhibition activity (see FIG. 4). Combining the mutationsof FR1 and FR3 therefore did not affect the binding and/or inhibitionactivity (FIG. 5).

Humanization also required mutagenesis of residues in FR4 at position108. Mutagenesis of Q108L resulted in lower production level inEscherichia coli. Position 108 is solvent exposed in camelid VHH, whilein human antibodies this position is buried at the VH-VL interface(Spinelli, 1996; Nieba, 1997). In isolated VHs position 108 is solventexposed. The introduction of a non-polar hydrophobic Leu instead ofpolar uncharged Gln can have a drastic effect on the intrinsicfolding/stability of the molecule.

As a non-limited example, the polypeptide represented in the VHH#3Econtaining camelid hallmark residues at position 37, 44, 45 and 47 withhydrophilic characteristics, was humanized. Replacement of thehydrophilic residues by human hydrophobic residues at positions 44 and45 (E44G and R45L), did not have an effect on binding and/or inhibition.However, loss of binding and/or inhibition activity was observed whenF37V and F47W were introduced. Modeling data confirmed the criticalresidue 37 to preserve the integrity of the CDR3 loop conformation andhence on activity (see FIG. 6)(all numbering according to the Kabat).

SEQ ID NO: 3 and 14 display more than 90% amino acid sequence homologyto human VH framework regions and therefore said VHH might beadministered to patients directly without expectation of an immuneresponse therefrom, and without the additional burden of humanisation.Therefore, one aspect of the present invention allows for the directadministration of the polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 3 and 14,homologous sequence thereof, or a functional portion of an homologoussequence thereof to a patient in need of the same.

One embodiment of the present invention is a method for humanizing a VHHcomprising the steps of replacing of any of the following residueseither alone or in combination:

-   -   FR1 position 1, 5, 28 and 30,    -   the hallmark amino acid at position 44 and 45 in FR2,    -   FR3 residues 74, 75, 76, 83, 84, 93 and 94,    -   and positions 103, 104, 108 and 111 in FR4;        numbering according to the Kabat numbering.

One embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide, or a nucleic acid capable of encoding said polypeptide foruse in treating, preventing and/or alleviating the symptoms of disordersrelating to inflammatory processes. TNF-alpha is involved ininflammatory processes, and the blocking of TNF-alpha action can have ananti-inflammatory effect, which is highly desirable in certain diseasestates such as, for example, Crohn's disease. Our Examples demonstrateVHHs according to the invention which bind TNF-alpha and moreover, blockits binding to the TNF-alpha receptor.

The anti-TNF-alpha polypeptides of the present invention are applicableto autoimmune diseases, such as Addison's disease (adrenal), Autoimmunediseases of the ear (ear), Autoimmune diseases of the eye (eye),Autoimmune hepatitis (liver), Autoimmune parotitis (parotid glands),Crohn's disease (intestine), Diabetes Type I (pancreas), Epididymitis(epididymis), Glomerulonephritis (kidneys), Graves' disease (thyroid),Guillain-Barre syndrome (nerve cells), Hashimoto's disease (thyroid),Hemolytic anemia (red blood cells), Systemic lupus erythematosus(multiple tissues), Male infertility (sperm), Multiple sclerosis (nervecells), Myasthenia Gravis (neuromuscular junction), Pemphigus (primarilyskin), Psoriasis (skin), Rheumatic fever (heart and joints), Rheumatoidarthritis (joint lining), Sarcoidosis (multiple tissues and organs),Scleroderma (skin and connective tissues), Sjogren's syndrome (exocrineglands, and other tissues), Spondyloarthropathies (axial skeleton, andother tissues), Thyroiditis (thyroid), Vasculitis (blood vessels).Within parenthesis is the tissue affected by the disease. This listingof autoimmune diseases is intended to be exemplary rather thaninclusive.

Autoimmune conditions for which the anti-TNF-alpha polypeptides of thepresent invention is applicable include, for example, AIDS, atopicallergy, bronchial asthma, eczema, leprosy, schizophrenia, inheriteddepression, transplantation of tissues and organs, chronic fatiguesyndrome, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, myocardialinfarction, stroke, autism, epilepsy, Arthus's phenomenon, anaphylaxis,and alcohol and drug addiction. In the above-identified autoimmuneconditions, the tissue affected is the primary target, in other cases itis the secondary target. These conditions are partly or mostlyautoimmune syndromes.

Therefore, in treating them, it is possible to use the same methods, oraspects of the same methods that are herein disclosed, sometimes incombination with other methods.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a use of ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide according to the invention, or a nucleic acidcapable of encoding said polypeptide for the preparation of a medicamentfor treating a disorder relating to inflammatory processes. Examples ofdisorders include rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerativecolitis, inflammatory bowel syndrome and multiple sclerosis

Polypeptides and nucleic acids according to the present invention may beadministered to a subject by conventional routes, such as intravenously.However, a special property of the anti-TNF-alpha polypeptides of theinvention is that they penetrate barriers such as tissue membranesand/or tumours and act locally and act locally thereon, and they aresufficiently stable to withstand extreme environments such as in thestomach. Therefore, another aspect of the present invention relates tothe delivery of anti-TNF-alpha polypeptides.

A subject according to the invention can be any mammal susceptible totreatment by therapeutic polypeptides.

Oral delivery of anti-TNF-alpha polypeptides of the invention results inthe provision of such molecules in an active form in the colon at localsites that are affected by the disorder. These sites may be highlyinflamed and contain TNF-alpha-producing cells. The anti-TNF-alphapolypeptides of the invention which bind to TNF-alpha can neutralise theTNF-alpha locally, avoiding distribution throughout the whole body andthus limiting negative side-effects. Genetically modified microorganismssuch as Micrococcus lactis are able to secrete antibody or functionalportions thereof. Such modified microorganisms can be used as vehiclesfor local production and delivery of antibodies or functional portionsthereof in the intestine. By using a strain which produces ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide, inflammatory bowel syndrome could betreated.

Another aspect of the invention involves delivering anti-TNFpolypeptides by using surface expression on or secretion fromnon-invasive bacteria, such as Gram-positive host organisms likeLactococcus spec. using a vector such as described in WO00/23471.

One embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptideas disclosed herein for use in treating, preventing and/or alleviatingthe symptoms of disorders susceptible to modulation by a TNF-alphamodulating substance which is able pass through the gastric environmentwithout the substance being inactivated.

Examples of disorders are any that cause inflammation, including, butnot limited to rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerativecolitis, inflammatory bowl syndrome, and multiple sclerosis. As known bypersons skilled in the art, once in possession of said polypeptideconstruct, formulation technology may be applied to release a maximumamount of polypeptide in the right location (in the stomach, in thecolon, etc.). This method of delivery is important for treating, preventand/or alleviate the symptoms of disorders whose targets are located inthe gut system.

An aspect of the invention is a method for treating, preventing and/oralleviating the symptoms of a disorder susceptible to modulation by aTNF-alpha modulating substance which is able pass through the gastricenvironment without being inactivated, by orally administering to asubject an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as disclosed herein.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a use of ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as disclosed herein for the preparation of amedicament for treating, preventing and/or alleviating the symptoms ofdisorders susceptible to modulation by a TNF-alpha modulating substancewhich is able pass through the gastric environment without beinginactivated.

An aspect of the invention is a method for delivering a TNF-alphamodulating substance to the gut system without said substance beinginactivated, by orally administering to a subject an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as disclosed herein.

An aspect of the invention is a method for delivering a TNF-alphamodulating substance to the bloodstream of a subject without thesubstance being inactivated, by orally administering to a subject ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as disclosed herein.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as disclosed herein for use in treating, preventing and/oralleviating the symptoms or disorders susceptible to modulation by aTNF-alpha modulating substance delivered to the vaginal and/or rectaltract.

Examples of disorders are any that cause inflammation, including, butnot limited to rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerativecolitis, inflammatory bowl syndrome, and multiple sclerosis. In anon-limiting example, a formulation according to the invention comprisesan anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as disclosed herein, in the form of a gel,cream, suppository, film, or in the form of a sponge or as a vaginalring that slowly releases the active ingredient over time (suchformulations are described in EP 707473, EP 684814, U.S. Pat. No.5,629,001).

An aspect of the invention is a method for treating, preventing and/oralleviating the symptoms of disorders susceptible to modulation by aTNF-alpha modulating substance delivered to the vaginal and/or rectaltract, by vaginally and/or rectally administering to a subject ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as disclosed herein.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a use of ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as disclosed herein for the preparation of amedicament for treating, preventing and/or alleviating the symptoms ofdisorders susceptible to modulation by a TNF-alpha modulating substancedelivered to the vaginal and/or rectal tract.

An aspect of the invention is a method for delivering a TNF-alphamodulating substance to the vaginal and/or rectal tract without beingsaid substance being inactivated, by administering to the vaginal and/orrectal tract of a subject an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as disclosedherein.

An aspect of the invention is a method for delivering a TNF-alphamodulating substance to the bloodstream of a subject without saidsubstance being inactivated, by administering to the vaginal and/orrectal tract of a subject an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as disclosedherein.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as disclosed herein, for use in treating, preventing and/oralleviating the symptoms of disorders susceptible to modulation by aTNF-alpha modulating substance delivered to the nose, upper respiratorytract and/or lung.

Examples of disorders are any that cause inflammation, including, butnot limited to rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerativecolitis, inflammatory bowl syndrome, and multiple sclerosis. In anon-limiting example, a formulation according to the invention,comprises an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as disclosed herein in the formof a nasal spray (e.g. an aerosol) or inhaler. Since the polypeptideconstruct is small, it can reach its target much more effectively thantherapeutic IgG molecules.

An aspect of the invention is a method for treating, preventing and/oralleviating the symptoms of disorders susceptible to modulation by aTNF-alpha modulating substance delivered to the upper respiratory tractand lung, by administering to a subject an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide asdisclosed herein, by inhalation through the mouth or nose.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a use of ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as disclosed herein for the preparation of amedicament for treating, preventing and/or alleviating the symptoms ofdisorders susceptible to modulation by a TNF-alpha modulating substancedelivered to the nose, upper respiratory tract and/or lung, without saidpolypeptide being inactivated.

An aspect of the invention is a method for delivering a TNF-alphamodulating substance to the nose, upper respiratory tract and lungwithout inactivation, by administering to the nose, upper respiratorytract and/or lung of a subject an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide asdisclosed herein.

An aspect of the invention is a method for delivering a TNF-alphamodulating substance to the bloodstream of a subject withoutinactivation by administering to the nose, upper respiratory tractand/or lung of a subject an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as disclosedherein.

One embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptideas disclosed herein for use in treating, preventing and/or alleviatingthe symptoms of disorders susceptible to modulation by a TNF-alphamodulating substance delivered to the intestinal mucosa, wherein saiddisorder increases the permeability of the intestinal mucosa. Because oftheir small size, an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as disclosed herein canpass through the intestinal mucosa and reach the bloodstream moreefficiently in subjects suffering from disorders which cause an increasein the permeability of the intestinal mucosa, for example Crohn'sdisease.

An aspect of the invention is a method for treating, preventing and/oralleviating the symptoms of disorders susceptible to modulation by aTNF-alpha modulating substance delivered to the intestinal mucosa,wherein said disorder increases the permeability of the intestinalmucosa, by orally administering to a subject an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as disclosed herein.

This process can be even further enhanced by an additional aspect of thepresent invention—the use of active transport carriers. In this aspectof the invention, VHH is fused to a carrier that enhances the transferthrough the intestinal wall into the bloodstream. In a non-limitingexample, this “carrier” is a second VHH which is fused to thetherapeutic VHH. Such fusion constructs are made using methods known inthe art. The “carrier” VHH binds specifically to a receptor on theintestinal wall which induces an active transfer through the wall.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a use of ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as disclosed herein for the preparation of amedicament for treating, preventing and/or alleviating the symptoms ofdisorders susceptible to modulation by a TNF-alpha modulating substancedelivered to the intestinal mucosa, wherein said disorder increases thepermeability of the intestinal mucosa.

An aspect of the invention is a method for delivering a TNF-alphamodulating substance to the intestinal mucosa without being inactivated,by administering orally to a subject an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide ofthe invention.

An aspect of the invention is a method for delivering a TNF-alphamodulating substance to the bloodstream of a subject without beinginactivated, by administering orally to a subject an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide of the invention.

This process can be even further enhanced by an additional aspect of thepresent invention—the use of active transport carriers. In this aspectof the invention, an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as described herein isfused to a carrier that enhances the transfer through the intestinalwall into the bloodstream. In a non-limiting example, this “carrier” isa VHH which is fused to said polypeptide. Such fusion constructs madeusing methods known in the art. The “carrier” VHH binds specifically toa receptor on the intestinal wall which induces an active transferthrough the wall.

One embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptideas disclosed herein for use in treating, preventing and/or alleviatingthe symptoms of disorders susceptible to modulation by a TNF-alphamodulating substance which is able pass through the tissues beneath thetongue effectively.

Examples of disorders are any that cause inflammation, including, butnot limited to rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerativecolitis, inflammatory bowl syndrome, and multiple sclerosis. Aformulation of said polypeptide construct as disclosed herein, forexample, a tablet, spray, drop is placed under the tongue and adsorbedthrough the mucus membranes into the capillary network under the tongue.

An aspect of the invention is a method for treating, preventing and/oralleviating the symptoms of disorders susceptible to modulation by aTNF-alpha modulating substance which is able pass through the tissuesbeneath the tongue effectively, by sublingually administering to asubject an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as disclosed herein.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a use of ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as disclosed herein for the preparation of amedicament for treating, preventing and/or alleviating the symptoms ofdisorders susceptible to modulation by a TNF-alpha modulating substancewhich is able to pass through the tissues beneath the tongue.

An aspect of the invention is a method for delivering a TNF-alphamodulating substance to the tissues beneath the tongue without beinginactivated, by administering sublingually to a subject ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as disclosed herein.

An aspect of the invention is a method for delivering a TNF-alphamodulating substance to the bloodstream of a subject without beinginactivated, by administering orally to a subject an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as disclosed herein.

One embodiment of the present invention is an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptideas disclosed herein for use in treating, preventing and/or alleviatingthe symptoms of disorders susceptible to modulation by a TNF-alphamodulating substance which is able pass through the skin effectively.

Examples of disorders are any that cause inflammation, including, butnot limited to rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerativecolitis, inflammatory bowl syndrome, and multiple sclerosis. Aformulation of said polypeptide construct, for example, a cream, film,spray, drop, patch, is placed on the skin and passes through.

An aspect of the invention is a method for treating, preventing and/oralleviating the symptoms of disorders susceptible to modulation by aTNF-alpha modulating substance which is able pass through the skineffectively, by topically administering to a subject an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as disclosed herein.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a use of ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as disclosed herein for the preparation of amedicament for treating, preventing and/or alleviating the symptoms ofdisorders susceptible to modulation by a TNF-alpha modulating substancewhich is able pass through the skin effectively.

An aspect of the invention is a method for delivering a TNF-alphamodulating substance to the skin without being inactivated, byadministering topically to a subject an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide asdisclosed herein.

An aspect of the invention is a method for delivering a TNF-alphamodulating substance to the bloodstream of a subject, by administeringtopically to a subject an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as disclosedherein.

In another embodiment of the present invention, an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide further comprises a carrier single domain antibody (e.g.VHH) which acts as an active transport carrier for transport saidanti-TNF-alpha polypeptide, from the lung lumen to the blood.

An anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide further comprising a carrier bindsspecifically to a receptor present on the mucosal surface (bronchialepithelial cells) resulting in the active transport of the polypeptidefrom the lung lumen to the blood. The carrier single domain antibody maybe fused to the polypeptide construct. Such fusion constructs may bemade using methods known in the art and are describe herein. The“carrier” single domain antibody binds specifically to a receptor on themucosal surface which induces an active transfer through the surface.

Another aspect of the present invention is a method to determine whichsingle domain antibodies (e.g. VHHs) are actively transported into thebloodstream upon nasal administration. Similarly, a naive or immune VHHphage library can be administered nasally, and after different timepoints after administration, blood or organs can be isolated to rescuephages that have been actively transported to the bloodstream. Anon-limiting example of a receptor for active transport from the lunglumen to the bloodstream is the Fc receptor N (FcRn). One aspect of theinvention includes the VHH molecules identified by the method. Such VHHcan then be used as a carrier VHH for the delivery of a therapeutic VHHto the corresponding target in the bloodstream upon nasaladministration.

In one aspect of the invention, one can use an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide as disclosed herein, in order to screen for agents thatmodulate the binding of the polypeptide to TNF-alpha. When identified inan assay that measures binding or said polypeptide displacement alone,agents will have to be subjected to functional testing to determinewhether they would modulate the action of the antigen in vivo. Examplesof screening assays are given below primarily in respect of SEQ ID NO:3, though any anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide as disclosed herein asdisclosed herein may be appropriate.

In an example of a displacement experiment, phage or cells expressingTNF-alpha or a fragment thereof are incubated in binding buffer with,for example, a polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 3 which has beenlabeled, in the presence or absence of increasing concentrations of acandidate modulator. To validate and calibrate the assay, controlcompetition reactions using increasing concentrations of saidpolypeptide and which is unlabeled, can be performed. After incubation,cells are washed extensively, and bound, labeled polypeptide is measuredas appropriate for the given label (e.g., scintillation counting,fluorescence, etc.). A decrease of at least 10% in the amount of labeledpolypeptide bound in the presence of candidate modulator indicatesdisplacement of binding by the candidate modulator. Candidate modulatorsare considered to bind specifically in this or other assays describedherein if they displace 50% of labeled polypeptide (sub-saturatingpolypeptide dose) at a concentration of 1 μM or less.

Alternatively, binding or displacement of binding can be monitored bysurface plasmon resonance (SPR). Surface plasmon resonance assays can beused as a quantitative method to measure binding between two moleculesby the change in mass near an immobilized sensor caused by the bindingor loss of binding of, for example, the polypeptide represented by SEQID NO: 3 from the aqueous phase to TNF-alpha immobilized in a membraneon the sensor. This change in mass is measured as resonance units versustime after injection or removal of the said polypeptide or candidatemodulator and is measured using a Biacore Biosensor (Biacore AB).TNF-alpha can be for example immobilized on a sensor chip (for example,research grade CM5 chip; Biacore AB) in a thin film lipid membraneaccording to methods described by Salamon et al. (Salamon et al., 1996,Biophys J. 71: 283-294; Salamon et al., 2001, Biophys. J. 80: 1557-1567;Salamon et al., 1999, Trends Biochem. Sci. 24: 213-219, each of which isincorporated herein by reference.). Sarrio et al. demonstrated that SPRcan be used to detect ligand binding to the GPCR A(1) adenosine receptorimmobilized in a lipid layer on the chip (Sarrio et al., 2000, Mol.Cell. Biol. 20: 5164-5174, incorporated herein by reference). Conditionsfor the binding of SEQ ID NO:3 to TNF-alpha in an SPR assay can befine-tuned by one of skill in the art using the conditions reported bySarrio et al. as a starting point.

SPR can assay for modulators of binding in at least two ways. First, apolypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 3, for example, can be pre-boundto immobilized TNF-alpha followed by injection of candidate modulator ata concentration ranging from 0.1 nM to 1 μM. Displacement of the boundpolypeptide can be quantitated, permitting detection of modulatorbinding. Alternatively, the membrane-bound TNF-alpha can bepre-incubated with a candidate modulator and challenged with, forexample, a polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 3. A difference inbinding affinity between said polypeptide and TNF-alpha pre-incubatedwith the modulator, compared with that between said polypeptide andTNF-alpha in absence of the modulator will demonstrate binding ordisplacement of said polypeptide in the presence of modulator. In eitherassay, a decrease of 10% or more in the amount of said polypeptide boundin the presence of candidate modulator, relative to the amount of saidpolypeptide bound in the absence of candidate modulator indicates thatthe candidate modulator inhibits the interaction of TNF-alpha and saidpolypeptide.

Another method of detecting inhibition of binding of, for example, apolypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO: 3, to TNF-alpha uses fluorescenceresonance energy transfer (FRET). FRET is a quantum mechanicalphenomenon that occurs between a fluorescence donor (D) and afluorescence acceptor (A) in close proximity to each other (usually <100Å of separation) if the emission spectrum of D overlaps with theexcitation spectrum of A. The molecules to be tested, e.g. a polypeptiderepresented by SEQ ID NO: 3 and a TNF-alpha are labelled with acomplementary pair of donor and acceptor fluorophores. While boundclosely together by the TNF-alpha: polypeptide interaction, thefluorescence emitted upon excitation of the donor fluorophore will havea different wavelength from that emitted in response to that excitationwavelength when the said polypeptide and TNF-alpha are not bound,providing for quantitation of bound versus unbound molecules bymeasurement of emission intensity at each wavelength. Donor fluorophoreswith which to label the TNF-alpha are well known in the art. Ofparticular interest are variants of the A. Victoria GFP known as Cyan FP(CFP, Donor (D)) and Yellow FP (YFP, Acceptor (A)). As an example, theYFP variant can be made as a fusion protein with TNF-alpha. Vectors forthe expression of GFP variants as fusions (Clontech) as well asfluorophore-labeled reagents (Molecular Probes) are known in the art.The addition of a candidate modulator to the mixture offluorescently-labelled polypeptide and YFP-TNF-alpha will result in aninhibition of energy transfer evidenced by, for example, a decrease inYFP fluorescence relative to a sample without the candidate modulator.In an assay using FRET for the detection of TNF-alpha: polypeptideinteraction, a 10% or greater decrease in the intensity of fluorescentemission at the acceptor wavelength in samples containing a candidatemodulator, relative to samples without the candidate modulator,indicates that the candidate modulator inhibits theTNF-alpha:polypeptide interaction.

A sample as used herein may be any biological sample containingTNF-alpha such as clinical (e.g. cell fractions, whole blood, plasma,serum, tissue, cells, etc.), derived from clinical, agricultural,forensic, research, or other possible samples. The clinical samples maybe from human or animal origin. The sample analysed can be both solid orliquid in nature. It is evident when solid materials are used, these arefirst dissolved in a suitable solution.

A variation on FRET uses fluorescence quenching to monitor molecularinteractions. One molecule in the interacting pair can be labelled witha fluorophore, and the other with a molecule that quenches thefluorescence of the fluorophore when brought into close apposition withit. A change in fluorescence upon excitation is indicative of a changein the association of the molecules tagged with the fluorophore:quencherpair. Generally, an increase in fluorescence of the labelled TNF-alphais indicative that anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide bearing the quencher hasbeen displaced. For quenching assays, a 10% or greater increase in theintensity of fluorescent emission in samples containing a candidatemodulator, relative to samples without the candidate modulator,indicates that the candidate modulator inhibits TNF-alpha:anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide interaction.

In addition to the surface plasmon resonance and FRET methods,fluorescence polarization measurement is useful to quantitate binding.The fluorescence polarization value for a fluorescently-tagged moleculedepends on the rotational correlation time or tumbling rate. Complexes,such as those formed by TNF-alpha associating with a fluorescentlylabelled anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide, have higher polarization valuesthan uncomplexed, labelled polypeptide. The inclusion of a candidateinhibitor of the TNF-alpha:anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide interactionresults in a decrease in fluorescence polarization, relative to amixture without the candidate inhibitor, if the candidate inhibitordisrupts or inhibits the interaction of TNF-alpha with said polypeptide.Fluorescence polarization is well suited for the identification of smallmolecules that disrupt the formation of TNF-alpha:anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide complexes. A decrease of 10% or more in fluorescencepolarization in samples containing a candidate modulator, relative tofluorescence polarization in a sample lacking the candidate modulator,indicates that the candidate modulator inhibits theTNF-alpha:anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide interaction.

Another alternative for monitoring TNF-alpha:anti-TNF-alpha polypeptideinteractions uses a biosensor assay. ICS biosensors have been describedin the art (Australian Membrane Biotechnology Research Institute;Cornell B, Braach-Maksvytis V, King L, Osman P, Raguse B, Wieczorek L,and Pace R. “A biosensor that uses ion-channel switches” Nature 1997,387, 580). In this technology, the association of TNF-alpha and aanti-TNF-alpha polypeptide is coupled to the closing ofgramacidin-facilitated ion channels in suspended membrane bilayers andthus to a measurable change in the admittance (similar to impedence) ofthe biosensor. This approach is linear over six orders of magnitude ofadmittance change and is ideally suited for large scale, high throughputscreening of small molecule combinatorial libraries. A 10% or greaterchange (increase or decrease) in admittance in a sample containing acandidate modulator, relative to the admittance of a sample lacking thecandidate modulator, indicates that the candidate modulator inhibits theinteraction of TNF-alpha and said polypeptide. It is important to notethat in assays testing the interaction of TNF-alpha with ananti-TNF-alpha polypeptide, it is possible that a modulator of theinteraction need not necessarily interact directly with the domain(s) ofthe proteins that physically interact with said polypeptide. It is alsopossible that a modulator will interact at a location removed from thesite of interaction and cause, for example, a conformational change inthe TNF-alpha. Modulators (inhibitors or agonists) that act in thismanner are nonetheless of interest as agents to modulate the binding ofTNF-alpha to its receptor.

Any of the binding assays described can be used to determine thepresence of an agent in a sample, e.g., a tissue sample, that binds toTNF-alpha, or that affects the binding of, for example, a polypeptiderepresented by SEQ ID NO: 3 to the TNF-alpha. To do so a TNF-alpha isreacted with said polypeptide in the presence or absence of the sample,and polypeptide binding is measured as appropriate for the binding assaybeing used. A decrease of 10% or more in the binding of said polypeptideindicates that the sample contains an agent that modulates the bindingof said polypeptide to the TNF-alpha. Of course, the above-generalizedmethod might easily be applied to screening for candidate modulatorswhich alter the binding between any anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide of theinvention, an homologous sequence thereof, a functional portion thereofor a functional portion of an homologous sequence thereof, and TNF-alphaor a fragment thereof.

One embodiment of the present invention is an unknown agent identifiedby the method disclosed herein.

One embodiment of the present invention is an unknown agent identifiedby the method disclosed herein for use in treating, preventing and/oralleviating the symptoms of disorders relating to inflammatoryprocesses.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a use of an unknown agentidentified by the method disclosed herein for use in treating,preventing and/or alleviating the symptoms of disorders relating toinflammatory processes.

Examples of disorders include rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease,ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel syndrome and multiple sclerosis

A cell that is useful according to the invention is preferably selectedfrom the group consisting of bacterial cells such as, for example, E.coli, yeast cells such as, for example, S. cerevisiae, P. pastoris,insect cells or mammal cells.

A cell that is useful according to the invention can be any cell intowhich a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising ananti-TNF-alpha of the invention, an homologous sequence thereof, afunctional portion thereof or a functional portion of an homologoussequence thereof according to the invention can be introduced such thatthe polypeptide is expressed at natural levels or above natural levels,as defined herein. Preferably a polypeptide of the invention that isexpressed in a cell exhibits normal or near normal pharmacology, asdefined herein. Most preferably a polypeptide of the invention that isexpressed in a cell comprises the nucleotide sequence capable ofencoding any one of the amino acid sequences presented in Table 1 orcapable of encoding an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%identical to the amino acid sequence presented in Table 1.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a cell isselected from the group consisting of COS7-cells, a CHO cell, a LM (TK-)cell, a NIH-3T3 cell, HEK-293 cell, K-562 cell or a 1321N1 astrocytomacell but also other transfectable cell lines.

In general, “therapeutically effective amount”, “therapeuticallyeffective dose” and “effective amount” means the amount needed toachieve the desired result or results (modulating TNF-alpha binding;treating or preventing inflammation). One of ordinary skill in the artwill recognize that the potency and, therefore, an “effective amount”can vary for the various compounds that modulate TNF-alpha binding usedin the invention. One skilled in the art can readily assess the potencyof the compound.

As used herein, the term “compound” refers to an anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide of the present invention, a composition, or a nucleic acidcapable of encoding said polypeptide or an agent identified according tothe screening method described herein or said polypeptide comprising oneor more derivatised amino acids.

By “pharmaceutically acceptable” is meant a material that is notbiologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the material may beadministered to an individual along with the compound without causingany undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleteriousmanner with any of the other components of the pharmaceuticalcomposition in which it is contained.

Anti-TNF-alpha polypeptides as disclosed herein is useful for treatingor preventing conditions in a subject and comprises administering apharmaceutically effective amount of a compound or composition.

Anti-TNF polypeptides of the present invention are useful for treatingor preventing conditions relating to rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn'sdisease, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel syndrome and multiplesclerosis in a subject and comprises administering a pharmaceuticallyeffective amount of a compound or composition that binds TNF-alpha.

Anti-TNF-alpha polypeptides as disclosed here in are useful for treatingor preventing conditions in a subject and comprises administering apharmaceutically effective amount of a compound combination withanother, such as, for example, aspirin.

The anti-TNF-alpha polypeptides as disclosed here in are useful fortreating or preventing conditions relating to rheumatoid arthritis,Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel syndrome andmultiple sclerosis in a subject and comprises administering apharmaceutically effective amount of a compound combination withanother, such as, for example, aspirin.

The present invention is not limited to the administration offormulations comprising a single compound of the invention. It is withinthe scope of the invention to provide combination treatments wherein aformulation is administered to a patient in need thereof that comprisesmore than one compound of the invention.

Conditions mediated by TNF-alpha include, but are not limited rheumatoidarthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowelsyndrome and multiple sclerosis.

A compound useful in the present invention can be formulated aspharmaceutical compositions and administered to a mammalian host, suchas a human patient or a domestic animal in a variety of forms adapted tothe chosen route of administration, i.e., orally or parenterally, byintranassally by inhalation, intravenous, intramuscular, topical orsubcutaneous routes.

A compound of the present invention can also be administered using genetherapy methods of delivery. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,346, whichis incorporated by reference in its entirety. Using a gene therapymethod of delivery, primary cells transfected with the gene for thecompound of the present invention can additionally be transfected withtissue specific promoters to target specific organs, tissue, grafts,tumors, or cells.

Thus, the present compound may be systemically administered, e.g.,orally, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle suchas an inert diluent or an assimilable edible carrier. They may beenclosed in hard or soft shell gelatin capsules, may be compressed intotablets, or may be incorporated directly with the food of the patient'sdiet. For oral therapeutic administration, the active compound may becombined with one or more excipients and used in the form of ingestibletablets, buccal tablets, troches, capsules, elixirs, suspensions,syrups, wafers, and the like. Such compositions and preparations shouldcontain at least 0.1% of active compound. The percentage of thecompositions and preparations may, of course, be varied and mayconveniently be between about 2 to about 60% of the weight of a givenunit dosage form. The amount of active compound in such therapeuticallyuseful compositions is such that an effective dosage level will beobtained.

The tablets, troches, pills, capsules, and the like may also contain thefollowing: binders such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch orgelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a disintegrating agentsuch as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid and the like; alubricant such as magnesium stearate; and a sweetening agent such assucrose, fructose, lactose or aspartame or a flavoring agent such aspeppermint, oil of wintergreen, or cherry flavoring may be added. Whenthe unit dosage form is a capsule, it may contain, in addition tomaterials of the above type, a liquid carrier, such as a vegetable oilor a polyethylene glycol. Various other materials may be present ascoatings or to otherwise modify the physical form of the solid unitdosage form. For instance, tablets, pills, or capsules may be coatedwith gelatin, wax, shellac or sugar and the like. A syrup or elixir maycontain the active compound, sucrose or fructose as a sweetening agent,methyl and propylparabens as preservatives, a dye and flavoring such ascherry or orange flavor. Of course, any material used in preparing anyunit dosage form should be pharmaceutically acceptable and substantiallynon-toxic in the amounts employed. In addition, the active compound maybe incorporated into sustained-release preparations and devices.

The active compound may also be administered intravenously orintraperitoneally by infusion or injection. Solutions of the activecompound or its salts can be prepared in water, optionally mixed with anontoxic surfactant. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol,liquid polyethylene glycols, triacetin, and mixtures thereof and inoils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparationscontain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.

The pharmaceutical dosage forms suitable for injection or infusion caninclude sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions or sterile powderscomprising the active ingredient which are adapted for theextemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable or infusible solutionsor dispersions, optionally encapsulated in liposomes. In all cases, theultimate dosage form must be sterile, fluid and stable under theconditions of manufacture and storage. The liquid carrier or vehicle canbe a solvent or liquid dispersion medium comprising, for example, water,ethanol, a polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, liquidpolyethylene glycols, and the like), vegetable oils, nontoxic glycerylesters, and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can bemaintained, for example, by the formation of liposomes, by themaintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions orby the use of surfactants. The prevention of the action ofmicroorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial andantifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbicacid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable toinclude isotonic agents, for example, sugars, buffers or sodiumchloride. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can bebrought about by the use in the compositions of agents delayingabsorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the activecompound in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with variousof the other ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed byfilter sterilization. In the case of sterile powders for the preparationof sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparationare vacuum drying and the freeze drying techniques, which yield a powderof the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient presentin the previously sterile-filtered solutions.

For topical administration, the present compound may be applied in pureform, i.e., when they are liquids. However, it will generally bedesirable to administer them to the skin as compositions orformulations, in combination with a dermatologically acceptable carrier,which may be a solid or a liquid.

Useful solid carriers include finely divided solids such as talc, clay,microcrystalline cellulose, silica, alumina and the like. Useful liquidcarriers include water, hydroxyalkyls or glycols or water-alcohol/glycolblends, in which the present compound can be dissolved or dispersed ateffective levels, optionally with the aid of non-toxic surfactants.Adjuvants such as fragrances and additional antimicrobial agents can beadded to optimize the properties for a given use. The resultant liquidcompositions can be applied from absorbent pads, used to impregnatebandages and other dressings, or sprayed onto the affected area usingpump-type or aerosol sprayers.

Thickeners such as synthetic polymers, fatty acids, fatty acid salts andesters, fatty alcohols, modified celluloses or modified mineralmaterials can also be employed with liquid carriers to form spreadablepastes, gels, ointments, soaps, and the like, for application directlyto the skin of the user.

Examples of useful dermatological compositions which can be used todeliver the compound to the skin are known to the art; for example, seeJacquet et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,608,392), Geria (U.S. Pat. No.4,992,478), Smith et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,559,157) and Wortzman (U.S.Pat. No. 4,820,508).

Useful dosages of the compound can be determined by comparing their invitro activity, and in vivo activity in animal models. Methods for theextrapolation of effective dosages in mice, and other animals, to humansare known to the art; for example, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,938,949.

Generally, the concentration of the compound(s) in a liquid composition,such as a lotion, will be from about 0.1-25 wt- %, preferably from about0.5-10 wt- %. The concentration in a semi-solid or solid compositionsuch as a gel or a powder will be about 0.1-5 wt- %, preferably about0.5-2.5 wt- %.

The amount of the compound, or an active salt or derivative thereof,required for use in treatment will vary not only with the particularsalt selected but also with the route of administration, the nature ofthe condition being treated and the age and condition of the patient andwill be ultimately at the discretion of the attendant physician orclinician. Also the dosage of the compound varies depending on thetarget cell, tumor, tissue, graft, or organ.

The desired dose may conveniently be presented in a single dose or asdivided doses administered at appropriate intervals, for example, astwo, three, four or more sub-doses per day. The sub-dose itself may befurther divided, e.g., into a number of discrete loosely spacedadministrations; such as multiple inhalations from an insufflator or byapplication of a plurality of drops into the eye.

An administration regimen could include long-term, daily treatment. By“long-term” is meant at least two weeks and preferably, several weeks,months, or years of duration. Necessary modifications in this dosagerange may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using onlyroutine experimentation given the teachings herein. See Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences (Martin, E. W., ed. 4), Mack Publishing Co.,Easton, Pa. The dosage can also be adjusted by the individual physicianin the event of any complication.

The invention provides for an agent that is a modulator ofTNF-alpha/TNF-alpha-receptor interactions.

The candidate agent may be a synthetic agent, or a mixture of agents, ormay be a natural product (e.g. a plant extract or culture supernatant).A candidate agent according to the invention includes a small moleculethat can be synthesized, a natural extract, peptides, proteins,carbohydrates, lipids etc.

Candidate modulator agents from large libraries of synthetic or naturalagents can be screened. Numerous means are currently used for random anddirected synthesis of saccharide, peptide, and nucleic acid basedagents. Synthetic agent libraries are commercially available from anumber of companies including Maybridge Chemical Co. (Trevillet,Cornwall, UK), Comgenex (Princeton, N.J.), Brandon Associates(Merrimack, N.H.), and Microsource (New Milford, Conn.). A rare chemicallibrary is available from Aldrich (Milwaukee, Wis.). Combinatoriallibraries are available and can be prepared. Alternatively, libraries ofnatural agents in the form of bacterial, fungal, plant and animalextracts are available from e.g., Pan Laboratories (Bothell, Wash.) orMycoSearch (N.C.), or are readily producible by methods well known inthe art. Additionally, natural and synthetically produced libraries andagents are readily modified through conventional chemical, physical, andbiochemical means.

Useful agents may be found within numerous chemical classes. Usefulagents may be organic agents, or small organic agents. Small organicagents have a molecular weight of more than 50 yet less than about 2,500daltons, preferably less than about 750, more preferably less than about350 daltons. Exemplary classes include heterocycles, peptides,saccharides, steroids, and the like. The agents may be modified toenhance efficacy, stability, pharmaceutical compatibility, and the like.Structural identification of an agent may be used to identify, generate,or screen additional agents. For example, where peptide agents areidentified, they may be modified in a variety of ways to enhance theirstability, such as using an unnatural amino acid, such as a D-aminoacid, particularly D-alanine, by functionalizing the amino or carboxylicterminus, e.g. for the amino group, acylation or alkylation, and for thecarboxyl group, esterification or amidification, or the like.

For primary screening, a useful concentration of a candidate agentaccording to the invention is from about 10 mM to about 100 μM or more(i.e. 1 mM, 10 mM, 100 mM, 1 M etc.). The primary screeningconcentration will be used as an upper limit, along with nine additionalconcentrations, wherein the additional concentrations are determined byreducing the primary screening concentration at half-log intervals (e.g.for 9 more concentrations) for secondary screens or for generatingconcentration curves.

High throughput Screening Kit

A high throughput screening kit according to the invention comprises allthe necessary means and media for performing the detection of an agentthat modulates TNF-alpha/TNF-alpha receptor interactions by interactingwith TNF-alpha in the presence of a polypeptide, preferably at aconcentration in the range of 1 μM to 1 mM.

The kit comprises the following. Recombinant cells of the invention,comprising and expressing the nucleotide sequence encoding TNF-alpha,which are grown according to the kit on a solid support, such as amicrotiter plate, more preferably a 96 well microtiter plate, accordingto methods well known to the person skilled in the art especially asdescribed in WO 00/02045. Alternatively TNF-alpha is supplied in apurified form to be immobilized on, for example, a 96 well microtiterplate by the person skilled in the art. Alternatively TNF-alpha issupplied in the kit pre-immobilized on, for example, a 96 wellmicrotiter plate. The TNF-alpha may be whole TNF-alpha or a fragmentthereof.

Modulator agents according to the invention, at concentrations fromabout 1 μM to 1 mM or more, are added to defined wells in the presenceof an appropriate concentration of anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide, anhomologous sequence thereof, a functional portion thereof or afunctional portion of an homologous sequence thereof, said concentrationof said polypeptide preferably in the range of 1 μM to 1 mM. Kits maycontain one or more anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide (e.g. one or more of apolypeptide represented by any of the SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 15 or otheranti-TNF-alpha polypeptides, an homologous sequence thereof, afunctional portion thereof or a functional portion of an homologoussequence thereof).

Binding assays are performed as according to the methods alreadydisclosed herein and the results are compared to the baseline level of,for example TNF-alpha binding to an anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide, anhomologous sequence thereof, a functional portion thereof or afunctional portion of an homologous sequence thereof, but in the absenceof added modulator agent. Wells showing at least 2 fold, preferably 5fold, more preferably 10 fold and most preferably a 100 fold or moreincrease or decrease in TNF-alpha-polypeptide binding (for example) ascompared to the level of activity in the absence of modulator, areselected for further analysis.

Other Kits Useful According to the Invention

The invention provides for kits useful for screening for modulators ofTNF-alpha/TNF-alpha receptor binding, as well as kits useful fordiagnosis of disorders characterised by dysfunction of TNF-alpha. Theinvention also provides for kits useful for screening for modulators ofdisorders as well as kits for their diagnosis, said disorderscharacterised by one or more process involving TNF-alpha. Kits usefulaccording to the invention can include an isolated TNF-alpha.Alternatively, or in addition, a kit can comprise cells transformed toexpress TNF-alpha. In a further embodiment, a kit according to theinvention can comprise a polynucleotide encoding TNF-alpha. In a stillfurther embodiment, a kit according to the invention may comprise thespecific primers useful for amplification of TNF-alpha. Kits usefulaccording to the invention can comprise an isolated TNF-alphapolypeptide, a homologue thereof, or a functional portion thereof. A kitaccording to the invention can comprise cells transformed to expresssaid polypeptide. Kits may contain more than one polypeptide. In afurther embodiment, a kit according to the invention can comprise apolynucleotide encoding TNF-alpha. In a still further embodiment, a kitaccording to the invention may comprise the specific primers useful foramplification of a macromolecule such as, for example, TNF-alpha. Allkits according to the invention will comprise the stated items orcombinations of items and packaging materials therefore. Kits will alsoinclude instructions for use.

EXAMPLES

The invention is illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.

Example 1 Example of Camelidae Antibodies against Human Tumor NecrosisFactor Alpha

1) Immunization and Library Constructions

A llama (Llama glama) was immunized with human TNF-alpha. Forimmunization, the cytokine was formulated as an emulsion with anappropriate, animal-friendly adjuvant (Specoll, CEDI Diagnostics B.V.).The antigen cocktail was administered by double-spot injectionsintramuscularly in the neck. The animal received 6 injections of theemulsion, containing 100 μg of TNF-alpha at weekly intervals. Atdifferent time points during immunization, 10-ml blood samples werecollected from the animal and sera were prepared. The induction of anantigen specific humoral immune response was verified using the serumsamples in an ELISA experiment with TNF (data not shown). Five daysafter the last immunization, a blood sample of 150 ml was collected.From this sample, conventional and heavy-chain antibodies (HcAbs) werefractionated (Lauwereys et al. 1998) and used in an ELISA, whichrevealed that the HcAbs were responsible for the antigen specifichumoral immune response (data not shown). Peripheral blood lymphocytes(PBLs), as the genetic source of the llama heavy chain immunoglobulins(HcAbs), were isolated from the 150-ml blood sample using a Ficoll-Paquegradient (Amersham Biosciences) yielding 5×10⁸ PBLs. The maximaldiversity of antibodies is expected to be equal to the number of sampledB-lymphocytes, which is about 10% of the number of PBLs (5×10⁷). Thefraction of heavy-chain antibodies in llama is up to 20% of the numberof B-lymphocytes. Therefore, the maximal diversity of HcAbs in the 150ml blood sample is calculated as 10⁷ different molecules. Total RNA(around 400 μg) was isolated from these cells using an acid guanidiniumthiocyanate extraction (Chomczynski and Sacchi, 1987).

cDNA was prepared on 100 μg total RNA with M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase(Gibco BRL) and oligo-dT-primer or hexanucleotide random primers(Amersham Biosciences) as described before (de Haard et al., 1999). ThecDNA was purified with a phenol/chloroform extraction combined with anethanol precipitation and subsequently used as template to specificallyamplify the VHH repertoire.

The VHH repertoire was amplified using oligo-dT primed cDNA as templatewith a single degenerated framework1 (FR1) primer ABL013(5′-GAGGTBCARCTGCAGGASTCYGG-3′) (SEQ ID NO:98), introducing a PstIrestriction site (in bold), in combination with the oligo-dT primer asis described in EP01205100.9. This amplification yields two fragments of1650 bp and 1300 bp, the latter being the product derived from theCH1-deleted HcAb genes. The smaller PCR-product was gel purified andsubsequently digested with PstI and BstEII. The BstEII-site frequentlyoccurs within the FR4 of heavy-chain derived VHH encoding DNA-fragments.

Alternatively, the VHH-repertoire was amplified in a hinge-dependentapproach using two IgG specific oligonucleotide primers. In a single PCRreaction a short(5′-AACAGTTAAGCTTCCGCTTGCGGCCGCGGAGCTGGGGTCTTCGCTGTGGTGCG-3′) (SEQ IDNO:99) or long (5′-AACAGTTAAGCTTCCGCTTGCGGCCGCTGGTTGTGGTTTTGGTGTCTTGGGTT-3′) (SEQ ID NO:100) hinge primer known to be specificfor HcAbs was combined with the FR1-primer ABL013 (see above). A PstIand NotI (bold underlined) restriction site was introduced within theFR1 and hinge primers respectively, to allow cloning. Subsequently, theDNA fragments were ligated into PstI-BstEII or PstI-NotI digestedphagemid vector pAX004, which is identical to pHEN1 (Hoogenboom et al.,1991), but encodes a carboxyterminal (His)₆- and c-myc-tag forpurification and detection, respectively. The ligation mixture wasdesalted on a Microcon filter (YM-50, Millipore) and electroporated intoE. coli TG1 cells to obtain a library containing 1.8×10⁷ clones. Thetransformed cells were grown overnight at 37° C. on a single 20×20 cmplate with LB containing 100 μg/ml ampicillin and 2% glucose. Thecolonies were scraped from plates using 2×TY medium and stored at −80°C. in 20% glycerol.

As quality control the percentage of insert containing clones wasverified on 24 clones for each library by PCR using a combination ofvector based primers. This analysis revealed that 95% of the clonescontained a VHH encoding insert. The variability was examined by HinfIfingerprint analysis of the amplified VHH fragment of these 24 clones,thereby showing that all clones were indeed different (data not shown).

2) Selection of Antagonistic Anti-TNF VHH's

From both libraries phage was prepared. To rescue the polyclonal phagerepertoire, libraries were grown to logarithmic phase (OD600=0.5) at 37°C. in 2×TY containing 100 μg/ml ampicillin and 2% glucose andsubsequently superinfected with M13K07 helper phage for 30 minutes at37° C. Infected cells were pelleted for 5 minutes at 4000 rpm andresuspended in 2×TY containing 100 μg/ml ampicillin and 25 μg/mlkanamycin. Bacteriophage was propagated by overnight growth at 37° C.and 250 rpm. Overnight cultures were centrifuged for 15 minutes at 4500rpm and phage was precipitated with one fifth volume of a [20%polyethyleneglycol 6000, 1.5 M NaCl]-solution by incubation for 30minutes on ice. Phage was pelleted by centrifugation for 15 minutes at4000×g and 4° C. After resuspension of the phages in PBS, cell debriswas pelleted by centrifugation for 1 minute at maximal speed (15000×g)in microcentrifuge tubes. The supernatant containing the phage particleswas transferred to a new tube and again phage was precipitated asdescribed above. Phage was dissolved in PBS and separated from remainingcell debris as mentioned above. The titer of phage was determined byinfection of logarithmic TG1 cells followed by plating on selectivemedium.

The library was selected using in vitro biotinylated TNF-alpha. Thebiotinylation was carried out as described by Magni et al (Anal Biochem2001, 298, 181-188). The incorporation of biotin in TNF was evaluated bySDS-PAGE analysis and detection with Extravidin-alkaline phosphataseconjugate (Sigma). The functionality of the modified protein wasevaluated for its ability to bind to the solid phase coated recombinanta p75 receptor.

VHH were selected by capturing biotinylated TNF-alpha (10 to 400 ng perwell during 2 hours at room temperature) on streptavidin coatedmicrotiter plates (coated with 100 μl of 10 μg/ml streptavidin during 16hours at +4° C.). Antagonistic VHH were obtained by elution with anexcess of receptor, either the extracellular ligand binding domain orwith cells expressing the receptor. After 2 hours incubation of phagewith captured cytokine, the non-specific phage was washed away, whilespecific phage displaying antagonistic VHH was eluted for 30 minuteswith receptor (extracellular domain of CD120b or p75; 10 μM) or withreceptor displaying cells (>10⁵ KYM cells per well). High enrichments,i.e. the ratio of the number of phage eluted with receptor and thoseeluted by serum albumin (50 μg per well), of more than a factor of 20suggested the successful selection of TNF-alpha specific clones.Alternatively, instead of elution with receptor a standard procedure wasapplied, in which a low pH causes the denaturation of VHH and/or antigen(0.1 M glycine buffer pH 2.5). Log phase growing E. coli cells wereinfected with the eluted and neutralized phage and plated on selectivemedium.

Individual clones were picked and grown in microtiter plate for theproduction of VHH in culture supernatant. ELISA screening with TNF-alphacaptured on Extravidin coated plates revealed about 50% positive clones.HinfI-fingerprint analysis showed that 13 different clones wereselected, which were grown and induced on 50 ml scale. The sequences ofsaid clones are shown in Table 1.

Five clones, coded VHH#1A, #2B, #3E, #3G, #7B and #12B, with differentsequences (FIG. 1) were characterized in more detail. VHH#3E, #3G and#7B are single-domain antibody fragments carrying the typicalhydrophilic residue at position 45 (arginine) and the phenylalanine totryptophan substitution in position 47 in FR2 thereby conferring theadvantageous characteristics in terms of solubility. VHH#1A contains thehydrophobic FR2 residues typically found in double-chain antibodies ofhuman origin or from other species, but compensating this loss inhydrophilicity by the charged arginine residue on position 103 thatsubstitutes the conserved tryptophan residue present in VH fromdouble-chain antibodies (PCT/EP02/07804). A new class of humanisedCamelidae single-domain antibodies described in this invention isrepresented by VHH#2B and VHH#12B, which contains the hydrophobicresidues in FR2 in combination with the hydrophobic residue tryptophanat position 103. Larger amounts of antibody fragments were expressed bycultivation on 50 ml scale and purified by IMAC using TALON resin(Clontech). After dialysis against PBS to remove the eluent imidazol theamount of VHH was determined by OD280; approximately 300 μg of VHH wasobtained from each clone.

This material was used for determining the sensitivity of detection of(biotinylated) TNF in ELISA. For this purpose a streptavidin (10 μg/ml)coated microtiterplate was employed for capture of biotinylated TNF (1μg/ml), VHH was diluted in 0.2% casein/PBS and incubated for 2 hours atroom temperature. Bound VHH was detected with anti-MYC mAB 9E10 (0.5μg/ml) and anti-mouse AP conjugate (1000-fold diluted, Sigma). Theresults are shown in FIG. 2.

3) Determination of Antagonistic Effect in Cytotoxicity Assay with KYMCell Line

TNF-alpha-induced cytostasis/cytotoxicity was determined by thecolorimetric MTT assay as described by Vandenabeele and colleagues(Vandenabeele, P., Declercq, W., Vercammen, D., Van de Craen, M.,Grooten, J., Loetscher, H., Brockhaus, M., Lesslauer, W., Fiers, W.(1992) Functional characterization of the human tumor necrosis factorreceptor p75 in a transfected rat/mouse T cell hybridoma. J. Exp. Med.176, 1015-1024.). MTT (3-(4,5-cimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) is a pale yellow substrate that is cleaved byliving cells to yield a dark blue formazan product. This processrequires active mitochondria, and even freshly dead cells do not cleavesignificant amounts of MTT. KYM cells (Sekiguchi M, Shiroko Y, Suzuki T,Imada M, Miyahara M, Fujii G. (1985) Characterization of a humanrhabdomyosarcoma cell strain in tissue culture. Biomed. Pharmacother.39, 372-380.) were seeded in 96 well microtiterplates and cultured inthe presence or absence of TNF-alpha (0.216 ng/ml or approx. 5 pM oftrimer). In addition to TNF variable amounts of antibody (VHH orRemicade) were included during cultivation. For the assay MTT was addedto the culture medium at a final concentration of 500 μg/ml and theplates were incubated at 37° C. to achieve cleavage of MTT bymitochondrial enzymes.

The formed formazon product, which appear as black, fuzzy crystals onthe bottom of the well were dissolved by addition of acid isopropanol(40 nM HCl in isopropanol) or DMSO. The absorbance is measured at 570nm.

The MTT assay (FIG. 3) shows that VHH#1A, which has arginine on position103 in combination with the human-like hydrophobic residues in FR2, hasa moderate antagonistic effect (IC50˜100 nM). VHH#7B with thecharacteristic hydrophilic residues in FR2 does not prevent binding ofTNF-α to its ligand in spite of its sensitive detection of the cytokinein ELISA (curve not shown). In contrast, VHH#3E and #3G with hydrophilicFR2 hallmark residues are very potent antagonistic VHH's (IC50 of 20nM). VHH#3E and #3G have a high degree of homology and are clonallyrelated (Harmsen et al., Mol. Immunol. 37, 579-590), but VHH#3E is morepotent, probably due to the fact that it has a higher affinity thanVHH#3G (FIG. 2). The (chimeric) monoclonal antibody Remicade is verypotent (IC50 of 80 pM), but its derived Fab fragment lost most of thisefficacy (IC50 is 3 nM, 30 fold less than the intact mAB). This clearlyshows the avidity effect of the interaction between the antibody and thecytokine: the mAB with two binding sites interacts more efficiently withthe trimeric TNF molecule via cooperative binding. VHH fragments arestrictly monovalent and therefore it was speculated that increasing theavidity by genetically fusing VHH genes might increase theirantagonistic efficacy (see Example 4).

These experiments show that a new class of human-like VHH has bona fidebinding and functional characteristics, thereby enabling theirapplication for therapeutic purposes.

Example 2 Humanization of VHH#12B and VHH#3E by Site DirectedMutagenesis

1) Homoloqy between VHH#3E/VHH#12B and Human Germlne Heavy ChainV-Region DP-47

Alignment of VHH#12B and a human VH3 germline sequence (DP-47) revealeda high degree of homology:

-   -   4 AA changes in FR1 on position 1, 5, 28 and 30    -   5 AA changes in FR3 on position 74, 76, 83, 84 and 93    -   1 AA change in FR4 on position 108

as represented in the following sequence alignment in which DP-47 is SEQID NO:101 and VHH#12B is SEQ ID NO:102: DP-47EVQLLESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFS SYAMS WVRQAPGKGLEWVS AISGSGGSTYY VHH#12BQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFEFE NHWMY WVRQAPGKGLEWVS TVNTNGLITRY

DP-47 ADSVKG RFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAK --------------------------VHH#12B ADSVKG RFTISRDNAKYTLYLQMNSLKSEDTAVYYCTKVLPPYSDDSRTNAD WGQGTQVTVSS

A specific inhibitor for the TNF-alpha cytokine, with high homology tothe human germline gene DP-47 was therefore an ideal candidate tofurther humanize and evaluate the influence of mutagenesis on inhibitioncapacity in ELISA.

Alignment of VHH#3E and a human VH3 germline (DP-47) revealed thepresence of hydrophilic amino acid residues in FR2 of VHH#3E compared tohydrophobic residues in DP-47. DP-47EVQLLESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFS SYAMS----- WVRQAPGKGLEWVS AISGSGGSTYYVHH#3E QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFS DHSGYTYTIG WFRQAPGKEREFVARIYWSSGNTYY

DP-47 ADSVKG RFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAK ------------- ------------VHH#3E ADSVKG RFAISRDIAKNTVDLTMNNLEPEDTAVYYCAARDGIPTSRSVESYNY WGQGTQVTVSS

Evaluation of the effect of substituting the hydrophilic by hydrophobicresidues as present in human VH is important, since the majority ofcamelid VHH sequences contain hydrophilic residues.

2) Mutagenesis of VHH#12B

VHH#12B was mutated by using a non-PCR based site-directed mutagenesismethod as described by Chen and Ruffner and commercialized by Stratagene(Quickchange site-directed mutagenesis). Plasmid DNA was used astemplate in combination with 2 mutagenic primers introducing the desiredmutation(s). The 2 primers are each complementary to opposite strands ofthe template plasmid DNA. In a polymerase reaction using the Pfu DNApolymerase each strand is extended from the primer sequence during acycling program using a limited number of cycles. This results in amixture of wild type and mutated strands. Digestion with Dpnl results inselection of the mutated in vitro synthesized DNA strand, since only thetemplate strand is sensitive for digestion. The DNA was precipitated andtransformed to E. coli and analyzed for the required mutation bysequence analysis. The generated mutant VHH's and the mutagenic primersare listed in Table 2.

Plasmid was prepared from mutant clones and was transformed into WK6electrocompetent cells. A single colony was used to start an overnightculture in LB containing 2% glucose and 100 μg/ml ampicillin. Thisovernight culture was diluted 100-fold in 300 ml TB medium containing100 μg/ml ampicillin, and incubated at 37° C. until OD600 nm=2, when 1mM IPTG and 5 mM MgSO₄ (final concentrations) was added and the culturewas incubated for 3 more hours at 37° C.

Cultures were centrifuged for 20 minutes at 4,500 rpm at 4° C. Thepellet was frozen overnight or for 1 hour at −20° C. Next, the pelletwas thawed at room temperature for 40 minutes, re-suspended in 20 mlPBS/1 mM EDTA/1M NaCl and shaken on ice for 1 hour. Periplasmic fractionwas isolated by centrifugation for 20 minutes at 4° C. at 4,500 rpm. Thesupernatant containing the VHH was loaded on TALON (ClonTech) andpurified to homogeneity. The yield of VHH was determined using thecalculated extinction coefficient.

All mutant VHH's expressed comparable to the wild type. The mutants wereanalyzed for their inhibition capacity in an in vitro receptor bindingassay.

A microtiter plate was coated overnight at 4° C. with Enbrel (Wyeth) at2 μg/ml in PBS. The plate was washed five times with PBS-Tween andblocked for 1 hour at room temperature with PBS containing 1% casein.The plate was washed five times with PBS-Tween. Biotinylated humanTNF-alpha (80 μg/ml) was pre-incubated with a dilution series of mutantor wild type VHH#12B for 1 hr at RT and the mixture was incubated for 1hr at room temperature in the wells of the microtiterplate. The platewas washed five times with PBS-Tween. Bound human TNF-α was detectedusing Extravidin-AP (1/1,000 dilution) and paranitrophenylphosphate(pNPP). Signals were measured after 30 minutes at 405 nm. The resultsare presented in FIG. 4 and 5. The IC50 increased 3-fold from 66 nM(wild type) to 200 nM (mutant Q1E+Q5L+A74S+Y76N+K83R+P84A). Mutation ofposition T93A resulted in loss of inhibition (data not shown). Thepositions that still need to be humanized are: E28, E30 and Q108.However, E28 and E30 are part of the H1 canonical structure and thuspart of the CDR1 according to Chothia numbering system.

The amino acid sequences of mutant VHHs are presented in Table 4 SEQ IDNOs: 17 to 19.

3) Mutagenesis of VHH#3E

VHH#3E was mutated by using a non-PCR based site-directed mutagenesismethod as described above. The obtained mutant VHH's and the mutagenicprimers are listed in Table 3.

All mutant VHH's expressed comparable to the wild type. The purifiedmutant VHH's were analyzed for binding in ELISA and inhibition capacityin receptor binding assay identical to the method described above.

The results of the ELISA are shown in FIG. 6, those from the receptorbinding assay in FIG. 7.

The amino acid sequences of mutant VHHs are presented in Table 4 SEQ IDNOs 21 to 24.

Example 3 Isolation of Antagonistic VHH against Mouse TNF-Alpha

1) Selection of anti-mouse TNF-alpha VHH

In order to perform efficacy studies in mouse models for IBD or Crohn'sdisease mouse TNF specific VHH were selected. Therefore a llama wasimmunized with mouse TNF-alpha as described in Example 1. RNA wasextracted from PBL's sampled 4 and 10 days after the last immunization,as well as from a biopsy taken from a lymph node after day 4. Total RNAwas converted in either random primed or oligo-dT primed cDNA and usedas template for the amplification of the VHH encoding gene segmentsusing Ig derived primers or a combination of oligo-dT primer and asingle Ig primer (see example 1). With the Ig primers a librarycontaining 8.5×10⁷ clones was generated from the first PBL's, and alibrary with 7×10⁶ clones for the second PBL sample and 5.8×10⁸ clonesfor the lymph node. Using the combination of the oligo-dT primer and theIg primer libraries from the first PBL sample were made containing1.2×10⁸ clones, from the second sample of PBL's a library of 5.7×10⁷clones and the lymph node derived library contained 2×10⁸ clones. Thelibraries were pooled dependent on the used combination of primers andthe resulting two libraries were grown for propagation of phage as wasdescribed before. Selections were performed on biotinylated mouseTNF-alpha captured on coated streptavidin, bound phage was eluted bycompetition with the human receptor p75, which is known to cross-reactwith mouse TNF-alpha. Two distinct mouse TNF-alpha specific VHH (VHH#m3Fand VHH#m9E) were selected from the library obtained by amplificationwith 1 g derived primers, while two closely related VHH's were retrievedfrom the library constructed by PCR with oligo-dT primer and Ig-primer(FIG. 8).

2) Determination Antagonistic Efficacy in Cytotoxicity Assay with L929Cell Line (FIG. 9)

The same type of assay was applied as described in Example 1, but withthe murine cell line L929. VHH#m3F and VHH#m4B (FIG. 9) turned out to be10-fold more potent then the other two VHH's.

Example 4 Enhancing the Antagonistic Efficacy by Increasing the AvidityUsing Multivalent Camelidae Antibodies

1) Antagonistic Efficacy of Bi-, Tri- and Tetravalent VHH against Humanand Mouse TNF-Alpha

The E. coli production vector pAX11 (FIG. 10) was designed, which allowsthe two-step cloning of bivalent or bispecific VHH. The carboxy terminalVHH is cloned first with PstI and BstEII, while in the second step theother VHH is inserted by SfiI and NotI, which do not cut within thefirst gene fragment. The procedure avoids the enforcement of new sitesby amplification and thus the risk of introducing PCR errors.

With this vector the bivalent derivative of the antagonistic anti- humanTNF-alpha VHH#3E was generated. The plasmid vector encoding the bivalentVHH was used to generate a tri- and tetrameric derivative, which wasaccomplished by partial digestion of the plasmid with BstEII, whichoccurs in both VHH gene segments. The linearized vector was purifiedfrom gel, subsequently de-phosphorylated and used as acceptor forcloning of the BstEII fragment of approx. 350 bp that was obtained bycomplete digestion of the same plasmid. Ligation of the BstEII fragmentalone prior to addition to the vector enhances the insertion ofmultimeric VHH encoding gene segments. After transformation in E. coliTG1 the resulting clones were screened by PCR with M13Rev and M13Fwdprimers; since BstEII is an a-symmetric cutter (5 nt overhang) onlycorrectly oriented inserts were obtained as was confirmed by digestingthe plasmids with PstI alone (350 bp) or double digesting with EcoRI andHindlIl (1000 bp for bivalent (BIV 3E, SEQ ID NO: 73), 1350 bp fortrivalent (TRI 3E, SEQ ID NO: 74) and 1700 bp for tetravalent (TETRA 3E,SEQ ID NO: 75), data not shown). The sequences are listed in Table 7.

The clones were grown and induced on 50 ml scale, periplasmic fractionsprepared and used for IMAC purification with TALON resin. Analysis ofthe purified products on Coomassie stained PAGE revealed good productionlevels (between 2 and 10 mg per liter cell culture) of intactmultivalent VHH (see FIG. 11). The molecular appearance of the IMACpurified VHH was determined by gel filtration on a Superdex 75HR columnand as expected the molecules with higher avidities came earlier fromthe column (see FIG. 12).

The antagonistic efficacy was analyzed with the cell based assay usingKYM cells. The cells were seeded in microtiterplates and cultured in thepresence or absence of TNF-alpha (1.29 ng/ml or approx. 25 pM oftrimer). The assays (FIG. 13) revealed that the monovalent moleculesused in this study had the poorest antagonistic characteristics, what isreflected by their IC50 values: the Fab derived from the chimericantibody Remicade has an IC50 of 2 nM and for VHH#3E it is 12 nM (seealso FIG. 3). The avidity of the used molecules turned out to have adramatic influence on the antagonistic efficacy as was observed with thebivalent IgG molecule Remicade, which is 40-fold more effective (IC50 50pM) than the Fab. TNF-alpha is a trimeric molecule, which interacts to adimeric receptor and therefore it can be expected that the avidity ofthe IgG permits the mutual binding to two epitopes on the cytokine andsupports the formation of large complexes as has been described before(Santora et al, Anal. Biochem. 299, 119-129). Surprisingly, increasingthe avidity of the VHH from monomer to dimer has a far more spectaculareffect than observed with Remicade, since the IC50 of the dimer (30 pM)is 400 fold lower than of the monomer. Increasing the avidity even moreleads to a still better antagonistic behaviour: the trimeric VHH has anIC50 of 20 pM and the tetravalent format 6 pM. All higher avidityformats of the VHH are more efficient than Remicade, while thetetravalent format is even better than Enbrel, which consists of theextracellular domain of the receptor p75 fused to the Fc of an IgG andtherefore has a bivalent binding mode.

The same unexpected effect of avidity on antagonistic behaviour wasobserved with VHH generated against mouse TNF (FIG. 14). The same typeof cytotoxicity assay was performed using MTT as substrate and mouseTNF-alpha (65 pg/ml or 1.3 pM), but with the murine cell line L929,which expresses the mouse specific receptor. Three differentantagonistic (monovalent) VHH were identified coded 9E and 3F, of whichthe first two have IC50's of 25 nM and the latter 2 nM (see also Example3). Conversion of 3F into the bivalent format (BIV#m3F, SEQ ID NO: 76)yielded a 1000 fold increase in IC50 (2 μM), thereby demonstrating oncemore that the increased avidity of the antibody leads to an unexpectedimprovement of the antagonistic characteristics.

2) Comparison with VHH-Fc Fusion

VHH#3E, directed against human TNF, was cloned via PstI and BstElI in anadapted vector derived from pCDNA3, thereby generating a genetic fusionto the CH1 deleted Fc portion of human IgG1. After confirmation bysequencing, the plasmid construct was transfected to the myeloma cellline NS0. The obtained cell line was grown and the VHH-Fc fusion wassecreted into the culture supernatant. The product was purified with ananti-human Fc VHH resin and analyzed on a Coomassie stained gel (FIG.15). In the presence of DTT the fusion was visible as a 45 kDa protein,in the absence of DTT the dimeric molecule with a molecular weight of 90kDa could be observed. This dimeric product results from the linkage oftwo chains by two disulfide bridges, which originate from cysteineresidues located in the hinge region.

The VHH-fusion was tested in the bioassay with the human cell line KYMand turned out to be 5-fold less effective than the bivalent VHH inspite of the fact that both molecules have the same avidity and thatthey both originate from VHH#3E (FIG. 16). Probably steric hindrance bythe bulky Fc tail might cause this discrepancy.

Example 5 Calculation of Homologies between Anti-Target-Single DomainAntibodies of the Invention

The degree of amino acid sequence homology between anti-target singledomain antibodies of the invention was calculated using the BioeditSequence Alignment Editor. The calculations indicate the proportion ofidentical residues between all of the sequences as they are aligned byClustalW. (Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G. and Gibson, T. J. (1994)CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequencealignment through sequence weighting, position specific gap penaltiesand weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research, submitted, June 1994).Table 8 indicates the fraction homology between anti-serum albumin VHHsof the invention. Table 9 indicates the fraction homology betweenanti-TNF-alpha VHHs of the invention. Table 10 indicates the percentagehomology between anti-IFN-gamma VHHs of the invention.

Example 6 Expression of a VHH-CDR3 Fragment of VHH#3E

The CDR3 region of VHH#3E was amplified by using a sense primer locatedin the framework 4 region (Forward: CCCCTGGCCCCAGTAGTTATACG) (SEQ IDNO:103) and an anti-sense primer located in the framework 3 region(Reverse: TGTGCAGCAAGAGACGG) (SEQ ID NO:104).

In order to clone the CDR-3 fragment in pAX10, a second round PCRamplification was performed with following primers introducing therequired restriction sites: Reverse primer Sfi1: (SEQ ID NO:105)GTCCTCGCAACTGCGGCCCAGCCGGCCTGTGCAGCAAGAGACGG Forward primer Not1: (SEQID NO:106) GTCCTCGCAACTGCGCGGCCGCCCCCTGGCCCCAGTAGTTATACG

The PCR reactions were performed in 50 ml reaction volume using 50 pmolof each primer. The reaction conditions for the primary PCR were 11 minat 94° C., followed by 30/60/120 sec at 94/55/72° C. for 30 cycles, and5 min at 72° C. All reaction were performed with 2.5 mM MgCl2, 200 mMdNTP and 1.25 U AmpliTaq God DNA Polymerase (Roche Diagnostics,Brussels, Belgium).

After cleavage with Sfi1 and Not1 the PCR product was cloned in pAX10.

Example 7 Stability Testing of Antibody Fragments Specific for HumanTNFα

Orally administered proteins are subject to denaturation at the acidicpH of the stomach and as well to degradation by pepsin. We have selectedconditions to study the resistance of the VHH#3E to pepsin which aresupposed to mimick the gastric environment. VHH#3E a VHH specific tohuman TNFα was produced as recombinant protein in E. coli and purifiedto homogeneity by IMAC and gel filtration chromatography. The proteinconcentration after purification was determined spectrophotometricallyby using the calculated molar extinction coefficient at 280 nm. Dilutedsolutions at 100 microgram/ml were prepared in Mcllvaine buffer (J.Biol. Chem. 49, 1921, 183) at pH 2, pH3 and 4 respectively. Thesesolutions were subsequently incubated for 15 minutes at 37° C., priorthe addition of porcine gastric mucosa pepsin at a 1/30 w/w ratio. Sixtyminutes after adding the protease a sample was collected and immediatelydiluted 100-fold in PBS pH7.4 containing 0.1% casein to inactivate thepepsin. Seven additional 3-fold dilutions were prepared from this samplefor assessing the presence of functional antibody fragment by ELISA.Identical dilutions prepared from an aliquot collected prior theaddition of the protease served as a reference. In the ELISA assaybiotinylated TNFα was captured in wells of a microtiter plate coatedwith neutravidin. For both the pepsin-treated and reference samplessimilar serial dilutions of the samples were prepared and 100 microliterof those dilutions were added to the wells. After incubation for 1 hourthe plates were washed. For the detection of VHH binding to of thecaptured TNFα a polyclonal rabbit anti-VHH antiserum (R42) and ananti-rabbit IgG alkaline phosphatase conjugate was used. After washing,the plates were developed with paranitrophenyl phosphate. The dataplotted in FIG. 17 shows similar curves for all of the samples exposedto digestive conditions as well as for the reference samples. Thisindicates that the VHH#3E essentially retains its functional activityunder all of the chosen conditions.

Example 8 Oral Administration of an Anti-Human TNFα Specific VHH in Mice

An antibody solution containing the anti-human TNFα specific VHH#3E (100microgram per milliliter in 100-fold diluted PBS) was prepared. Threemice which were first deprived from drinking water for 12 hours andsubsequently allowed to freely access the antibody solution during thenext two hours. Afterwards the mice were sacrificed and their stomachswere dissected. Immediately the content of the stomachs was collected byflushing the stomach with 500 microliter PBS containing 1% BSA. Thisflushed material was subsequently used to prepare serial three-folddilutions, starting at a 1/5 dilution from the undiluted material. Onehundred microliter of these samples was transferred to individual wellsof a microtiter plate coated with human TNFα. After incubation for 1hour and following extensive washing the presence of immuno-reactivematerial was assessed with a polyclonal rabbit anti-VHH antiserum (R42)followed by incubation with an anti-rabbit alkaline-phosphataseconjugate. The ELISA was developed with paranitrophenyl acetate. TheELISA signals obtained after 10 minutes clearly demonstrated thepresence of functional VHH#3E in the gastric flushings of these mice. Bycomparing to the standard curve we determined the concentration of thefunctional antibody fragment in the gastric flushing fluid to be 1.5,12.6 and 8.6 microgram/ml for the three mice tested.

Example 9 Efficacy in an Animal Model for IBD

1) Animal Model of Chronic Colitis

The efficacy of bivalent VHH constructs applied via various routes ofadministration was assessed in a DSS (dextran sodium sulfate) inducedmodel of chronic colitis in BALB/c mice. This model was originallydescribed by Okayasu et al. [Okayasu et al. Gastroenterology 1990; 98:694-702] and modified by Kojouharoff et. al. [G. Kojouharoff et al.Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1997; 107: 353-8]. The animals were obtained fromCharles River Laboratories, Germany, at an age of 11 weeks and kept inthe animal facility until they reached a body weight between 21 and 22g. Chronic colitis was induced in the animals by four DSS treatmentcycles. Each cycle consisted of a DSS treatment interval (7 days) whereDSS was provided with the drinking water at a concentration of 5% (w/v)and a recovery interval (12 days) with no DSS present in the drinkingwater. The last recovery period was prolonged from 12 to 21 days toprovide for an inflammation status rather representing a chronic than anacute inflammation at the time of the treatment. Subsequent to the lastrecovery interval the mice were randomly assigned to groups of 8 miceand treatment with the VHH-constructs was started. The treatmentinterval was 2 weeks. One week after the end of the treatment intervalthe animals were sacrificed, the intestine was dissected andhistologically examined. The experimental setting is shown schematicallyin FIG. 18.

2) VHH Treatment Schedule

During the VHH treatment period the mice (8 animals per group) weretreated daily for 14 consecutive days with bivalent VHH#3F(VHH#m3F-VHH#m3F; SEQ ID No. 76) by intra-gastric or intra-venousapplication of 100 μg bivalent VHH 3F. An additional group of animalswas treated rectally with the bivalent VHH#3F every other day for aperiod of 14 days. In all treatment groups a dose of 100 μg of thebivalent VHH#3F was applied at a concentration of 1 mg/ml in a bufferedsolution. The negative control groups received 100 μl of PBS underotherwise identical conditions. The treatment schedule is shown in Table11.

3) Results

After the mice were sacrificed the body weight was determined and thecolon was dissected. The length of the dissected colon was determinedand the histology of the colon was assessed by Haematoxilin-Eosin (HE)stain (standard conditions). As compared to the negative controls (PBStreatment) the groups treated with bivalent nanobody 3F showed aprorogued colon length as well as an improved histological score [G.Kojouharoff et al. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1997; 107: 353-8] therebydemonstrating efficacy of the treatment. TABLE 1 Amino acid sequencelisting of the peptides of aspects of present invention directed againstTNF-alpha. SEQ ID NAME NO SEQUENCE VHH#1A 1QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCATSGFDFSVSWMYWVRQAPGKGLEWVSEINTNGLITKYVDSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQMDSLIPEDTALYYCAR SPSGSFRGQGTQVTVSSVHH#7B 2 QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGSIFRVNAMGWYRQVPGNQREFVAIITSGDNLNYADAVKGRFTISTDNVKKTVYLQMNVLKPEDTAVYYCNAILQTSRWSIPSNYWGQGTQVTVSS VHH#2B 3QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCATSGFTFSDYWMYWVRQAPGKGLEWVSTVNTNGLITRYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKYTLYLQMNSLKSEDTAVYYCTKVVPPYSDDSRTNADWGQGTQVTVSS VHH#3E 4QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSDHSGYTYTIGWFRQAPGKEREFVARIYWSSGNTYYADSVKGRFAISRDIAKNTVDLTMNNLEPEDTAVYYCAARDGIPTSRSVESYNYWGQGTQVTVSS VHH#3G 5QVQLQDSGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAVSGRTFSAHSVYTMGWFRQAPGKEREFVARIYWSSANTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTVDLLMNSLKPEDTAVYYCAARDGIPTSRTVGSYNYWGQGTQVTVSS VHH#10A 6QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGSIFRVNAMGWYRQVPGNQREFVAIITSSDTNDTTNYADAVKGRFTISTDNVKKTVYLQMNVLKPEDTAVYYCNAVLQTSRWSIPSNYWGQGTQVTVSS VHH#2G 7QVQLQDSGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCTTSGRTISVYAMGWFRQAPGKEREFVASISGSGAITPYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLNPEDTAVYYCAASRYARYRDVHAYDYWGQGTQVTVSS VHH#1F 8QVQLQDSGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASTRTFSRYVVGWFRQAPGKEREFVATISWNGEHTYYADSVKGRYTISRDNAKNTVYLQMGSLKPEDTAVYYCAARSFWGYNVEQRDFGSWGQGTPVTVSS VHH#9C 9QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGSIFRVNAMGWYRQVPGNQREFVAIITNDTTNYADAVKGRFTISTDNVKKTVYLQMNVLKPEDTAVYYCNTVL QTSRWNIPTNYWGQGTQVTVSSVHH#11E 10 QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGSIFRVNAMGWYRQVPGNQREFVAIISGDTTNYADAVKGRFTISTDNVKKTVYLQMNVLESEDTAVYYCNAVL QTSRWSIPSNYWGQGTQVTVSSVHH#10C 11 QVQLQDSGGGLVQPGGSLRLACVASGSIFSIDVMGWYRQAPGQQRELVATITNSWTTNYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNVVYLQMNSLKLEDTAVYYCNAR RWYQPEAWGQGTQVTVSSVHH#4B 12 QVQLQDSGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSTHWMYWVRQAPGKGLEWVSTINTNGLITDYIHSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLKSEDTAVYYCAL NQAGLSRGQGTQVTVSSVHH#10D 13 QVQLQESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASRRTFSGYAMGWFRQAPGKEREFVAVVSGTGTIAYYADSVKGRFTISRDNAENTVYLQMNSLKPEDTGLYYCAVGPSSSRWYYRGASLVDYWGKGTLVTVSS VHH#12B 14QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFEFENHWMYWVRQAPGKGLEWVSTVNTNGLITRYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKYTLYLQMNSLKSEDTAVYYCTKVLPPYSDDSRTNADWGQGTQVTVSS VHH#m9A 79EVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGGTLSSYITGWFRQAPGKEREFVGAVSWSSSTIVYADSVEGRFTISRDNHQNTVYLQMDSLKPEDTAVYYCAARPYQKYNWASASYNVWGQGTQVTVSS VHH#m9E 15EVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGGTLSSYITGWFRQAPGKEREFVGAVSWSSSTIVYADSVEGRFTISRDNHQNTVYLQMDSLKPEDTAVYYCAARPYQKYNWASASYNVWGQGTQVTVSS VHH#m3F 16QVQLQDSGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGGTFSSIIMAWFRQAPGKEREFVGAVSWSGGTTVYADSVLGRFEISRDSARKSVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCAARPYQKYNWASASYNVWGQGTQVTVSS VHH#m4B 80QVQLQDSGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCGVSGLSFSGYTMGWFRQAPGKEREFAAAIGWNSGTTEYRNSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCAASPKYMTAYERSYDFWGQGTQVTVSS VHH#8-29 81QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFAFGDSWMYWVRQAPGKGLEWVSEINTNGLITKYKDSVTGRFTISRDNAKNTLHLEMNRLKPEDTALYYCAR DPSGKLRGPGTQVTVSSVHH#8-41 82 QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGPLRLSCAASGFAFGDSWMYWVRQAPGKGLEWVSEINTNGLITKYKDSVTGRFTISRDNAKNTLHLEMNRLKPEDTALYYCAR DPSGKLRGPGTQVTVSSVHH#8-42 83 QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFAFGDSWMYWVRQAPGKGLEWVSEINTNGLITKYKDSVTGRFTISRDNAKNTLHLEMNRLKPEDTALYYCAR DPSGKLRGPGTQVTVSSVHH#8-44 84 QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSDHWMYWVRQAPGKGLEWVSTINTNGLITNYIHSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLKSEDTAVYYCAL NQAGLSRGQGTQVTVSS

TABLE 2 List of mutagenesis reactions, mutagenic primers and templatesused for mutagenesis of VHH#12B Mutation Template Primer sequence A74S +Y76N + Wild type 5′-AGA GAC AAC TCC AAG AAC ACG CTG TAT K83R + P84A CTGCAA ATG AAC AGC CTG AGA GCT GAG GAC ACG-3′ Arg Asp Asn Ser Lys Asn ThrLeu Tyr Leu Gln Met Asn Ser Leu Arg Ala Glu Asp Thr Q1E + Q5L + A74S +A74S + Y76N + 5′-C ATG GCT GAG GTG CAG CTG CTC GAG TCT Y76N + K83R +P84A K83R + P84A GG-3′ Met Ala Glu Val Gln Leu Leu Glu Ser Q1E + Q5L +A74S + Y76N + Q1E + Q5L + A74S + 5′-G GAC ACG GCC GTC TAT TAC TGT GCAAAA K83R + P84A + T93A Y76N + K83R + P84A GTA CTT C-3′ Asp Thr Ala ValTyr Tyr Cys Ala Lys Val Leu

TABLE 3 List of mutagenesis reactions, mutagenic primers and templatesused for mutagenesis of VHH#3E Mutation Template Primer sequence F37VWild type 5′-ACC TAT ACC ATT GGC TGG GTC CGC CAG GCT-3′ Thr Tyr Thr IleGly Trp Val Arg Gln Ala E44G Wild type 5′-CGC CAG GCT CCA GGG AAG GGGCGT GAG TTT-3′ Arg Gln Ala Pro Gly Lys Gly Arg Glu Phe R45L Wild type5′-A GGG AAG GAG CTT GAG TTT GTA GCG CGT AT-3′ Gly Lys Glu Leu Glu PheVal Ala Arg F47W Wild type 5′-A GGG AAG GAG CGT GAG TGG GTA GCG CGTAT-3′ Gly Lys Glu Arg Glu Trp Val Ala Arg

TABLE 4 Overview of humanized and wild type anti-TNF-alpha VHH SEQ IDName Sequence 17 VHH#12B QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFEFENHWMYWVRQAPGKGLEWA74S + Y76N + K83R + P84AVSTVNTNGLITRYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCTKVLPPYSDDSRTNADWGQGTQVTVSS 18 VHH#12BEVQLLESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFEFENHWMYWVRQAPGKGLEW Q1E + Q5L + A74S +Y76N + K83R + P84A VSTVNTNGLITRYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCTKVLPPYSDDSRTNADWGQGTQVTVSS 19 VHH#12BEVQLLESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFEFENHWMYWVRQAPGKGLEW Q1E + Q5L + A74S +Y76N + VSTVNTNGLITRYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVY K83R + P84A +T93A YCAKVLPPYSDDSRTNADWGQGTQVTVSS 20 VHH#12BQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFEFENHWMYWVRQAPGKGLEW Wild typeVSTVNTNGLITRYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKYTLYLQMNSLKSEDTAVYYCTKVLPPYSDDSRTNADWGQGTQVTVSS 21 VHH#3EQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSDHSGYTYTIGWVRQAPG F37VKEREFVARIYWSSGNTYYADSVKGRFAISRDIAKNTVDLTMNNLEPEDTAVYYCAARDGIPTSRSVESYNYWGQGTQVTVSS 22 VHH#3EQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSDHSGYTYTIGWFRQAPG E44GKGREFVARIYWSSGNTYYADSVKGRFAISRDIAKNTVDLTMNNLEPEDTAVYYCAARDGIPTSRSVESYNYWG QGTQVTVSS 23 VHH#3EQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSDHSGYTYTIGWFRQAPG R45LKELEFVARIYWSSGNTYYADSVKGRFAISRDIAKNTVDLTMNNLEPEDTAVYYCAARDGIPTSRSVESYNYWGQGTQVTVSS 24 VHH#3EQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSDHSGYTYTIGWFRQAPG F47WKEREWVARIYWSSGNTYYADSVKGRFAISRDIAKNTVDLTMNNLEPEDTAVYYCAARDGIPTSRSVESYNYWGQGTQVTVSS 25 VHH#3EQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSDHSGYTYTIGWFRQAPG Wild typeKEREFVARIYWSSGNTYYADSVKGRFAISRDIAKNTVDLTMNNLEPEDTAVYYCAARDGIPTSRSVESYNYWGQGTQVTVSS

TABLE 5 Anti-mouse serum albumin, and anti-mouse serum albumin + antiTNF-alpha VHH Name SEQ ID Sequence Anti-mouse serum albumin MSA21 26QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCEASGFTFSRFGMTWVRQAPGKGVEWVSGISSLGDSTLYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYC TIGGSLNPGGQGTQVTVSSMSA24 27 QVQLQESGGGLVQPGNSLRLSCAASGFTFRNFGMSWVRQAPGKEPEWVSSISGSGSNTIYADSVKDRFTISRDNAKSTLYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYC TIGGSLSRSSQGTQVTVSSMSA210 28 QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLTCTASGFTFSSFGMSWVRQAPGKGLEWVSAISSDSGTKNYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKKMLFLQMNSLRPEDTAVYYC VIGRGSPSSQGTQVTVSSMSA212 29 QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLTCTASGFTFRSFGMSWVRQAPGKGLEWVSAISADGSDKRYADSVKGRFTISRDNGKKMLTLDMNSLKPEDTAVYYC VIGRGSPASQGTQVTVSSMSAcl6 85 AVQLVESGGGLVQAGDSLRLSCVVSGTTFSSAAMGWFRQAPGKEREFVGAIKWSGTSTYYTDSVKGRFTISRDNVKNTVYLQMNNLKPEDTGVYTCAADRDRYRDRMGPMTTTDFRFWGQGTQVTVSS MSAcl12 86QVKLEESGGGLVQTGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSSFAMGWFRQAPGREREFVASIGSSGITTNYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLKPEDTGLCYCAVNRYGIPYRSGTQYQNWGQGTQVTVSS MSAcl10 87EVQLEESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGLTFNDYAMGWYRQAPGKERDMVATISIGGRTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAIYYCVAHRQTVVRGPYLLWGQGTQVTVSS MSAcl14 88QVQLVESGGKLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSNYAMGWFRQAPGKEREFVAGSGRSNSYNYYSDSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCAASTNLWPRDRNLYAYWGQGTQVTVSS MSAcl16 89EVQLVESGGGLVQAGDSLRLSCAASGRSLGIYRMGWFRQVPGKEREFVAAISWSGGTTRYLDSVKGRFTISRDSTKNAVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCAVDSSGRLYWTLSTSYDYWGQGTQVTVSS MSAcl19 90QVQLVEFGGGLVQAGDSLRLSCAASGRSLGIYKMAWFRQVPGKEREFVAAISWSGGTTRYIDSVKGRFTLSRDNTKNMVYLQMNSLKPDDTAVYYCAVDSSGRLYWTLSTSYDYWGQGTQVTVSS MSAcl5 91EVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLSLSCAASGRTFSPYTMGWFRQAPGKEREFLAGVTWSGSSTFYGDSVKGRFTASRDSAKNTVTLEMNSLNPEDTAVYYCAAAYGGGLYRDPRSYDYWGRGTQVTVSS MScl11 92AVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGFTLDAWPIAWFRQAPGKEREGVSCIRDGTTYYADSVKGRFTISSDNANNTVYLQTNSLKPEDTAVYYCAAPSGPATGSSHTFGIYWNLRDDYDNWGQGTQVTVSS MSAc115 93EVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGFTFDHYTIGWFRQVPGKEREGVSCISSSDGSTYYADSVKGRFTISSDNAKNTVYLQMNTLEPDDTAVYYCAAGGLLLRVEELQASDYDYWGQGIQVTVSS MSAc18 94AVQLVDSGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCTASGFTLDYYAIGWFRQAPGKEREGVACISNSDGSTYYGDSVKGRFTISRDNAKTTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCATADRHYSASHHPFADFAFNSWGQGTQVTVSS MSAc17 95EVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAAYGLTFWRAAMAWFRRAPGKERELVVARNWGDGSTRYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCAAVRTYGSATYDIWGQGTQVTVSS MSAc120 96EVQLVESGGGLVQDGGSLRLSCIFSGRTFANYAMGWFRQAPGKEREFVAAINRNGGTTNYADALKGRFTISRDNTKNTAFLQMNSLKPDDTAVYYCAAREWPFSTIPSGWRYWGQGTQVTVSS MSAc14 97DVQLVESGGGWVQPGGSLRLSCAASGPTASSHAIGWFRQAPGKEREFVVGINRGGVTRDYADSVKGRFAVSRDNVKNTVYLQMNRLKPEDSAIYICAARPEYSFTAMSKGDMDYWGKGTLVTVSS Anti-mouse serum albumin/anti TNF-alphaMSA21/ 30 QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCEASGFTFSRFGMTWVRQAPGKGVEWV VHH#3ESGISSLGDSTLYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCTIGGSLNPGGQGTQVTVSSEPKTPKPQPAAAQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSDHSGYTYTIGWFRQAPGKEREFVARIYWSSGNTYYADSVKGRFAISRDIAKNTVDLTMNNLEPEDTAVYYCAARDGIPTSRSVESYNYWGQGTQVT VSS MSA24/ 31QVQLQESGGGLVQPGNSLRLSCAASGFTFRNFGMSWVRQAPGKEPEWV VHH#3ESSISGSGSNTIYADSVKDRFTISRDNAKSTLYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCTIGGSLSRSSQGTQVTVSSEPKTPKPQPAAAQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSDHSGYTYTIGWFRQAPGKEREFVARIYWSSGNTYYADSVKGRFAISRDIAKNTVDLTMNNLEPEDTAVYYCAARDGIPTSRSVESYNYWGQGTQVT VSS MSA210/ 32QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLTCTASGFTFSSFGMSWVRQAPGKGLEWV VHH#3ESAISSDSGTKNYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKKMLFLQMNSLRPEDTAVYYCVIGRGSPSSQGTQVTVSSEPKTPKPQPAAAQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSDHSGYTYTIGWFRQAPGKEREFVARIYWSSGNTYYADSVKGRFAISRDIAKNTVDLTMNNLEPEDTAVYYCAARDGIPTSRSVESYNYWGQGTQVTV SS MSA212/ 33QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLTCTASGFTFRSFGMSWVRQAPGKGLEWV VHH#3ESAISADGSDKRYADSVKGRFTISRDNGKKMLTLDMNSLKPEDTAVYYCVIGRGSPASQGTQVTVSSEPKTPKPQPAAAQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSDHSGYTYTIGWFRQAPGKEREFVARIYWSSGNTYYADSVKGRFAISRDIAKNTVDLTMNNLEPEDTAVYYCAARDGIPTSRSVESYNYWGQGTQVTV SS MSA21/ 34QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCEASGFTFSRFGMTWVRQAPGKGVEWV MSA21/SGISSLGDSTLYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYC VHH#3ETIGGSLNPGGQGTQVTVSSEPKTPKPQPAAAQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCEASGFTFSRFGMTWVRQAPGKGVEWVSGISSLGDSTLYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCTIGGSLNPGGQGTQVTVSSEPKTPKPQPAAAQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSDHSGYTYTIGWFRQAPGKEREFVARIYWSSGNTYYADSVKGRFAISRDIAKNTVDLTMNNLEPEDTAVYYCAARDGIPTSRSVESYNYWGQGTQVTVSS MSA210/ 35QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLTCTASGFTFSSFGMSWVRQAPGKGLEWV VHH#1ASAISSDSGTKNYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKKMLFLQMNSLRPEDTAVYYCVIGRGSPSSQGTQVTVSSEPKTPKPQPAAAQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCATSGFDFSVSWMYWVRQAPGKGLEWVSEINTNGLITKYVDSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQMDSLIPEDTALYYCARSPSGSFRGQGTQVTVSS MSA210/ 36QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLTCTASGFTFSSFGMSWVRQAPGKGLEWV VHH#7BSAISSDSGTKNYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKKMLFLQMNSLRPEDTAVYYCVIGRGSPSSQGTQVTVSSEPKTPKPQPAAAQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGSIFRVNAMGWYRQVPGNQREFVAIITSGDNLNYADAVKGRFTISTDNVKKTVYLQMNVLKPEDTAVYYCNAILQTSRWSIPSNYWGQG TQVTVSS MSA210/ 37QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLTCTASGFTFSSFGMSWVRQAPGKGLEWV VHH#2BSAISSDSGTKNYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKKMLFLQMNSLRPEDTAVYYCVIGRGSPSSQGTQVTVSSEPKTPKPQPAAAQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCATSGFTFSDYWMYWVRQAPGKGLEWVSTVNTNGLITRYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKYTLYLQMNSLKSEDTAVYYCTKVVPPYSDDSRTNADWG QGTQVTVSS MSA210/ 38QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLTCTASGFTFSSFGMSWVRQAPGKGLEWV VHH#3ESAISSDSGTKNYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKKMLFLQMNSLRPEDTAVYYCVIGRGSPSSQGTQVTVSSEPKTPKPQPAAAQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSDHSGYTYTIGWFRQAPGKEREFVARIYWSSGNTYYADSVKGRFAISRDIAKNTVDLTMNNLEPEDTAVYYCAARDGIPTSRSVE SYNYWGQGTQVTVSS MSA210/39 QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLTCTASGFTFSSFGMSWVRQAPGKGLEWV VHH#3GSAISSDSGTKNYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKKMLFLQMNSLRPEDTAVYYCVIGRGSPSSQGTQVTVSSEPKTPKPQPAAAQVQLQDSGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAVSGRTFSAHSVYTMGWFRQAPGKEREFVARIYWSSANTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTVDLLMNSLKPEDTAVYYCAARDGIPTSRTVGSY NYWGQGTQVTVSS MSA21/ 40QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCEASGFTFSRFGMTWVRQAPGKGVEWV VHH#12BSGISSLGDSTLYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCTIGGSLNPGGQGTQVTVSSEPKTPKPQPAAAQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFEFENHWMYWVRQAPGKGLEWVSTVNTNGLITRYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKYTLYLQMNSLKSEDTAVYYCTKVLPPYSDDSRTNADW GQGTQVTVSS MSA24/ 41QVQLQESGGGLVQPGNSLRLSCAASGFTFRNFGMSWVRQAPGKEPEWV VHH#12BSSISGSGSNTIYADSVKDRFTISRDNAKSTLYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCTIGGSLSRSSQGTQVTVSSEPKTPKPQPAAAQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFEFENHWMYWVRQAPGKGLEWVSTVNTNGLITRYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKYTLYLQMNSLKSEDTAVYYCTKVLPPYSDDSRTNADW GQGTQVTVSS MSA210/ 42QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLTCTASGFTFSSFGMSWVRQAPGKGLEWV VHH#12BSAISSDSGTKNYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKKMLFLQMNSLRPEDTAVYYCVIGRGSPSSQGTQVTVSSEPKTPKPQPAAAQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFEFENHWMYWVRQAPGKGLEWVSTVNTNGLITRYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKYTLYLQMNSLKSEDTAVYYCTKVLPPYSDDSRTNADWG QGTQVTVSS MSA212/ 43QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLTCTASGFTFRSFGMSWVRQAPGKGLEWV VHH#12BSAISADGSDKRYADSVKGRFTISRDNGKKMLTLDMNSLKPEDTAVYYCVIGRGSPASQGTQVTVSSEPKTPKPQPAAAQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFEFENHWMYWVRQAPGKGLEWVSTVNTNGLITRYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKYTLYLQMNSLKSEDTAVYYCTKVLPPYSDDSRTNADWG QGTQVTVSS

TABLE 6 Amino acid sequence listing of VHH's directed against humanIFN-gamma. Seq. Seq. Family Name Id Sequence 1 MP3D2SRA 44QVQLQDSGGGTVQAGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSDYAVGWFRQAPGKEREFVARILWTGASRSYANSVDGRFTVSTDNAKNTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAIYYCAALPSNIITTDYLRVYYWGQGTQV TVSS 1 MP3A3SR 45QVQLQDSGGGTVQAGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSNYAVGWFRQAPGKEREFVARIKWSGGSRSYANSVDGRFTVSTDNAKNTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAIYYCA?LPSNIITTDYLRVYYWGQGTQV TVSS 2 MP3C5SR 46QVQLQESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAAAGISGSVFSRTPMGWYRQAPGKQRELVAGILTSGATSYAESVKGRFTISRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLSPEDTAEYYCNTYPTWVLSWGQGTQVTVSS 2 MP3C1SR 47QVQLQDSGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAAAGISGSVFSRTPMGWYRQAPGKQRELVAGILSSGATVYAESVKGRFTISRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLSPEDTAEYYCNTYPTWVLSWGQGTQVTVSS 2 MP3G8SR 48QVQLQESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAAAGISGSVFSRTPMGWYRQAPGKQRELVAGILSSGATAYAESVKGRFTISRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLSPEDTAEYYCNTYPTWVLSWGQGTQVTVSS 3 MP3D2BR 49QVQLQESGGGLVQPGESLRLSCAASRGIFRFNAGGWYRQAPGKQRELVAFIGVDNTTRYIDSVKGRFTISRDNAKTTVYLQMNSLQPEDTAVYYCNKVPYIDWGQGTQVTVSS 4 MP3H6SRA 50QVQLQESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSTYNMGWFRQAPGKEREFVAGISWNGGSIYYTSSVEGRFTISRDNAENTVYLQMNSLKPEDTGVYYCASKGRPYGVPSPRQGDYDYWGQGT QVTVSS 4 MP3B4SRA 51QVQLQESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSTYNMGWFRQAPGKEREFVAGISWNGGSIYYTSSVEGRFTISRDNAENTVYLQMNSLKPEDTGVYYCASKGRPYGVPSPRQGDYDYWGQGT QVTVSS 4 MP4E4BR 52QVQLQESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSIYNMGWFRQAPGKEREFVAAISWNGGSIYYTSSVEGRFTISRDNAINTVYLQMNSLKPEDTGVYYCASKGRPYGVPSPRQGEYDYWGQGT QVTVSS 4 MP4H8SR 53QVQLQESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGRTFNIYNMGWFRQAPGKERDFVAAISWNGGSIYYTSSVEGRFTISRDNAENTVYLQMNSLKPEDTGVYYCASKGRPYGVPSPRQGDYDYWGQGT QVTVSS 5 MP2F6SR 54QVKLEESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGRTFNNYNMGWFRQAPGKEREFVAAISWNGGSTYYDDSVKGRFTISRDNANNLVYLQMNSLNFEDTAVYYCACAANPYGIPQYRENRYDFWGQGT QVTVSS 5 MP3D1BR 55QVQLQESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGRTFDNYNMGWFRQAPGKEREFVAAISWNGGSTYYDDSVKGRFTISRDNFQKLVYLQMNSLKLEDTAVYYCACAANPYGIPQYRENRYDFWGQGT QVTVSS 6 MP2B5BR 56QVQLVESGGRLVQAGGSLRLSCIASGRTISDYAAGWFRQAPGKEREFLASVTWGFGSTSYADSVKGRFTISRDKAKDTVYLQMNTLEPDDTSVYYCASSPRYCAGYRCYVTASEFDSWGQ GTQVTVSS 6 MP2C1BR 57QVKLEESGGRLVQAGGSLRLSCIASGRTISDYAAGWFRQAPGKEREFLASVSWGFGSTYYADSVKGRFTISRDTAKDTVYLQMNTLEPDDTSVYYCASSPRYCAGYRCYATASEFDSWGQ GTQVTVSS 6 MP4A12SR 58QVQLQESGGRLVQAGGSLRLSCIASGRTISDYAAGWFRQAPGKEREFLASVTWGFGSTYYADSVKGRFTISRDKAKDTVYLQMNTLEPDDTSAYYCASSPRYCAGYRCYVTASEFDSWGP GTQVTVSS 7 MP3F4SRA 59QVQLQDSGGGLVQAGDSLRLSCAASGRSFSSYGMGWFRQAPGKEHEFVAGIWRSGVSLYYTDSVKGRFTISRDDAKMTVSLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCAAEATFPTWSRGRFADYDYRGQGT QVTVSS 7 MP3D3BR 60QVQLQESGGGLVQAGDSLRLSCTASGRSFSSYGMGWFRQAPGKDHEFVAGIWRSGVSLYYADSVKGRFTISRDDAKMTVSLQMNGLKPEDTAVYYCAAEATFPTWNRGTFADYDYRGQGT QVTVSS 7 MP3E5BR 61QVQLQESGGGLVQAGDSLRLSCAASGRSFSSYGMGWFRQAPGKEHEFVAGIWRSGVSLYYADSVKGRFTISRDDAKMTVSLQMNGLKPEDTAVYYCAAEATFPTWNRGSFADYDYRGQGT QVTVSS 7 MP3C7SRA 62QVQLQESGGGLVQAGDSLRLSCAASGRSFSSYGMGWFRQAPGKEHEFVAGIWRSGVSLYYADSVKGRFTISRDDAKMTVSLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCAAEATFPTWNRGRFADYDYSGQGT QVTVSS 8 MP2F1BR 63AVQLVESGGGLVQTGDSLRLSCVASGGTFSRYAMGWFRQAPGKEREFVARIGYSGRSISYATSVEGRFAISRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCASLVSGTLYQADYWGQGTQVTVSS 8 MP2C5BR 64QVQLVESGGGLVQTGDSLRLSCVASGGTFSRYAMGWFRQPPGKERDFVARIGYSGQSISYATSVEGRFAISRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCASLVSGTLYKPNYWGQGTQVTVSS 9 MP2C10BR 65QVKLEESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGLTYTVGWFRQAPGKEREFVAAISWSGGSALYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTVYLQMGSLEPEDTAYYSCAAPGTRYYGSNQVNYNYWGQGTQVTVSS 9 MP2G5SR 66QVKLEESGGGLVQAGDSLRLSCAASGLTYTVGWFRQAPGKEREFVAAIDWSGGSALYADSVKGRFTISRDNTKNTVYLQMGSLEPEDTAVYWCAAPGTRYHGRNQVNYNYWGQGTQVTVSS 10 MP3B1SRA 67QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTSSNYAMSWVRQAPGKGLEWVSSINSRTGSITYADSVKGRFTITLDNAKNTLYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCASRVDDRVSRGQGTQVTVSS 11 MP2F10SR 68QVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGRTISSFRMGWFRRAPGEEREFVAFVRSNGTSTYYADSVEGRFTITRDNAKNTVYLRMDSLKPEDTAVYYCAAATRDYGGSFDYWGQGTQVTVSS 11 MP3A7SRA 69QVQLQDSGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSSFRMGWFRRAPGEEREFVAFVRSNGTSTYYADSVEGRFTITRDNAKNTVYLRMDSLKPEDTAVYYCAAATRDYGGSFDYWGQGTQVIVSS 12 MP4C10SR 70QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTVSNYAMSWVRQPPGKGIEWVSSINNRNDHITYADSVKGRFTIARDNANNILYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCASRVDDRVSRGQGTQVTVSS 13 MP4D5BR 71QVQLQDSGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSSYGMAWFRQAPGKERELVVAINRSGGATSYATSVRGRFTISRDNAKNTMYLQMNSLNPEDTAVYYCAARDPTRTYSSYFEYTYWGQGTQV TVSS 14 MP3F1SRA 72QVQLQESGGGLVQAGGSLTLSCVASGRTISDYAVGWFRQAPGKEREFVASISWGGGFTAFADSMKGRFTISRDNAKNTVYLQTHTLEPDDTSVYYCASSRRYCTGYRCYATASEFDSWGQ GTQVTVSS

TABLE 7 Sequences of bivalent (BIV 3E, BIV#m3F), trivalent (TRI3E) ortetravalent (TETRA 3E) VHH directed against TNF-alpha. SEQ Name IDSequence With linker sequence (underlined) BIV 3E 73QVQLQDSGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGGTFSSIIMAWFRQAPGKEREFVGAVSWSGGTTVYADSVLGRFEISRDSARKSVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCAARPYQKYNWASASYNVWGQGTQVTVSSEPKTPKPQPAAAQVQLQDSGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGGTFSSIIMAWFRQAPGKEREFVGAVSWSGGTTVYADSVLGRFEISRDSARKSVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCAARPYQKYNWASASYNVWGQGTQVTVSS TRI 3E 74QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSDHSGYTYTIGWFRQAPGKEREFVARIYWSSGNTYYADSVKGRFAISRDIAKNTVDLTMNNLEPEDTAVYYCAARDGIPTSRSVESYNYWGQGTQVTVSSEPKTPKPQPAAAQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSDHSGYTYTIGWFRQAPGKEREFVARIYWSSGNTYYADSVKGRFAISRDIAKNTVDLTMNNLEPEDTAVYYCAARDGIPTSRSVESYNYWGQGTQVTVSSEPKTPKPQPAAAQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSDHSGYTYTIGWFRQAPGKEREFVARIYWSSGNTYYADSVKGRFAISRDIAKNTVDLTMNNLEPEDTAVYYCAARDGIPTSRSVESYNYWGQGTQVTVSS TETRA 75QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSDHSGYTYTIGWFRQAPGKEREFVAR 3EIYWSSGNTYYADSVKGRFAISRDIAKNTVDLTMNNLEPEDTAVYYCAARDGIPTSRSVESYNYWGQGTQVTVSSEPKTPKPQPAAAQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSDHSGYTYTIGWFRQAPGKEREFVARIYWSSGNTYYADSVKGRFAISRDIAKNTVDLTMNNLEPEDTAVYYCAARDGIPTSRSVESYNYWGQGTQVTVSSEPKTPKPQPAAAQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSDHSGYTYTIGWFRQAPGKEREFVARIYWSSGNTYYADSVKGRFAISRDIAKNTVDLTMNNLEPEDTAVYYCAARDGIPTSRSVESYNYWGQGTQVTVSSEPKTPKPQPAAAQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSDHSGYTYTIGWFRQAPGKEREFVARIYWSSGNTYYADSVKGRFAISRDIAKNTVDLTMNNLEPEDTAVYYCAARDGIPTSRSVESYNYWGQGTQVTV SS BIV#m 76QVQLQDSGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGGTFSSIIMAWFRQAPGKEREFVGAVSWSG 3FGTTVYADSVLGRFEISRDSARKSVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCAARPYQKYNWASASYNVWGQGTQVTVSSEPKTPKPQPAAAQVQLQDSGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGGTFSSIIMAWFRQAPGKEREFVGAVSWSGGTTVYADSVLGRFEISRDSARKSVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCAARPYQKYNWASASYNVWGQGTQVTVSS Without linker sequence BIV#377 QVQLQDSGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGGTFSSIIMAWFRQAPGKEREFVGAVSWSG EdirGTTVYADSVLGRFEISRDSARKSVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCAARPYQKYNWASASYNVWGQGTQVTVSSQVQLQDSGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGGTFSSIIMAWFRQAPGKEREFVGAVSWSGGTTVYADSVLGRFEISRDSARKSVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCAARPYQKYNWASASYNVWGQGTQVTVSS BIV#12 78QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFEFENHWMYWVRQAPGKGLEWVSTVNTNG BdirLITRYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKYTLYLQMNSLKSEDTAVYYCTKVLPPYSDDSRTNADWGQGTQVTVSSQVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFEFENHWMYWVRQAPGKGLEWVSTVNTNGLITRYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKYTLYLQMNSLKSEDTAVYYCTKVLPPYSDDSRTNADWGQGTQVTVSS

TABLE 8 Fractional homologies between the amino acid sequences ofanti-mouse serum albumin VHHs of the invention. SEQ MSA21 MSA24 MSA210MSA212 MSA21 1.000 0.834 0.800 0.782 MSA24 — 1.000 0.782 0.791 MSA210 —— 1.000 0.903 MSA212 — — — 1.000

TABLE 9 Fractional homologies between anti-TNF-alpha VHHs of theinvention SEQ VHH#1A VHH#7B VHH#2B VHH#3E VHH#3G VHH#10A VHH#2G VHH#1FVHH#9C VHH#11E VHH#1A 1.000 0.601 0.764 0.596 0.622 0.600 0.682 0.6290.609 0.601 VHH#7B — 1.000 0.604 0.635 0.645 0.943 0.653 0.616 0.9330.933 VHH#2B — — 1.000 0.620 0.645 0.611 0.682 0.661 0.629 0.620 VHH#3E— — — 1.000 0.875 0.641 0.713 0.689 0.620 0.643 VHH#3G — — — — 1.0000.651 0.779 0.740 0.637 0.637 VHH#10A — — — — — 1.000 0.658 0.614 0.9350.935 VHH#2G — — — — — — 1.000 0.741 0.653 0.669 VHH#1F — — — — — — —1.000 0.616 0.616 VHH#9C — — — — — — — — 1.000 0.941 VHH#11E — — — — — —— — — 1.000 VHH#10C — — — — — — — — — — VHH#4B — — — — — — — — — —VHH#10D — — — — — — — — — — VHH#12B — — — — — — — — — — VHH#9E — — — — —— — — — — VHH#3F SEQ VHH#10C VHH#4B VHH#10D VHH#12B VHH#9E VHH#3F VHH#1A0.614 0.818 0.642 0.747 0.596 0.604 VHH#7B 0.719 0.593 0.614 0.620 0.6160.624 VHH#2B 0.637 0.796 0.634 0.951 0.620 0.645 VHH#3E 0.612 0.6040.648 0.596 0.674 0.682 VHH#3G 0.653 0.645 0.689 0.622 0.708 0.716VHH#10A 0.725 0.592 0.612 0.626 0.622 0.637 VHH#2G 0.685 0.666 0.7460.650 0.701 0.717 VHH#1F 0.664 0.661 0.714 0.645 0.709 0.717 VHH#9C0.743 0.601 0.622 0.645 0.600 0.616 VHH#11E 0.719 0.601 0.622 0.6370.608 0.624 VHH#10C 1.000 0.650 0.606 0.637 0.600 0.632 VHH#4B — 1.0000.611 0.796 0.588 0.629 VHH#10D — — 1.000 0.619 0.674 0.674 VHH#12B — —— 1.000 0.604 0.637 VHH#9E — — — — 1.000 0.854 VHH#3F 1.000

TABLE 10 Percentage homologies between anti-IFN-gamma VHHs of theinvention % Homology MP3D2SRA MP3A3SR MP3C5SR MP3C1SR MP3G8SR P3D2BRMP3H6SRA MP3B4SRA MP4E4BR MP3D2SRA X 96 66 66 66 62 71 71 71 MP3A3SR — X66 66 66 62 72 72 72 MP3C5SR — — X 97 98 73 65 65 64 MP3C1SR — — — X 9872 64 64 64 MP3G8SR — — — — X 73 65 65 64 MP3D2BR — — — — — X 63 63 63MP3H6SRA — — — — — — X 100  97 MP3B4SRA — — — — — — — X 97 MP4E4BR — — —— — — — — X MP4H8SR — — — — — — — — — MP2F6SR — — — — — — — — — MP3D1BR— — — — — — — — — MP2B5BR — — — — — — — — — MP2C1BR — — — — — — — — —MP4A12SR — — — — — — — — — MP3F4SRA — — — — — — — — — MP3D3BR — — — — —— — — — MP3E5BR — — — — — — — — — MP3C7SRA — — — — — — — — — MP2F1BR — —— — — — — — — MP2C5BR — — — — — — — — — MP2C10BR — — — — — — — — —MP2G5SR — — — — — — — — — MP3B1SRA — — — — — — — — — MP2F10SR — — — — —— — — — MP3A7SRA — — — — — — — — — MP4C10SR — — — — — — — — — MP4D5BR —— — — — — — — — MP3F1SRA — — — — — — — — — MP6D6BR — — — — — — — — —MP6B1BR — — — — — — — — — MP6A8BR — — — — — — — — — MP6B12BR — — — — — —— — — MP6C11BR MP6B10BR % Homology MP4H8SR MP2F6SR MP3D1BR MP2B5BRMP2C1BR MP4A12SR MP3F4SRA MP3D3BR MP3D2SRA 70 68 69 65 63 64 68 66MP3A3SR 71 70 71 65 63 64 68 66 MP3C5SR 63 63 63 60 58 59 64 64 MP3C1SR62 62 62 58 57 58 65 64 MP3G8SR 63 63 63 59 58 59 64 64 MP3D2BR 62 63 6459 58 58 62 61 MP3H6SRA 97 80 81 67 68 67 75 71 MP3B4SRA 97 80 81 67 6867 75 71 MP4E4BR 97 81 82 68 69 68 73 70 MP4H8SR X 81 81 66 66 66 72 69MP2F6SR — X 94 65 68 64 70 67 MP3D1BR — — X 65 66 65 71 69 MP2B5BR — — —X 95 97 63 64 MP2C1BR — — — — X 95 63 64 MP4A12SR — — — — — X 63 64MP3F4SRA — — — — — — X 94 MP3D3BR — — — — — — — X MP3E5BR — — — — — — —— MP3C7SRA — — — — — — — — MP2F1BR — — — — — — — — MP2C5BR — — — — — — —— MP2C10BR — — — — — — — — MP2G5SR — — — — — — — — MP3B1SRA — — — — — —— — MP2F10SR — — — — — — — — MP3A7SRA — — — — — — — — MP4C10SR — — — — —— — — MP4D5BR — — — — — — — — MP3F1SRA — — — — — — — — MP6D6BR — — — — —— — — MP6B1BR — — — — — — — — MP6A8BR — — — — — — — — MP6B12BR — — — — —— — — MP6C11BR MP6B10BR % Homology MP3E5BR MP3C7SRA MP2F1BR MP2C5BRMP2C10BR MP2G5SR MP3B1SRA MP2F10SR MP3D2SRA 67 68 71 70 68 67 63 67MP3A3SR 67 68 72 72 69 67 64 66 MP3C5SR 65 66 65 65 65 63 63 64 MP3C1SR64 65 64 63 64 62 63 64 MP3G8SR 65 66 65 64 65 63 63 65 MP3D2BR 62 63 6463 63 63 64 63 MP3H6SRA 73 75 73 71 73 71 66 75 MP3B4SRA 73 75 73 71 7371 66 75 MP4E4BR 71 73 73 71 73 71 66 75 MP4H8SR 71 72 71 71 72 71 64 73MP2F6SR 69 71 67 65 73 71 63 71 MP3D1BR 71 72 67 65 70 69 63 71 MP2B5BR64 64 65 63 64 63 60 66 MP2C1BR 64 64 63 61 66 65 59 66 MP4A12SR 64 6462 60 63 62 59 65 MP3F4SRA 96 97 69 67 68 68 62 67 MP3D3BR 98 96 70 6867 67 62 67 MP3E5BR X 98 70 68 68 69 63 68 MP3C7SRA — X 71 69 69 70 6369 MP2F1BR — — X 94 66 67 63 68 MP2C5BR — — — X 66 67 63 67 MP2C10BR — —— — X 94 62 68 MP2G5SR — — — — — X 62 67 MP3B1SRA — — — — — — X 66MP2F10SR — — — — — — — X MP3A7SRA — — — — — — — — MP4C10SR — — — — — — —— MP4D5BR — — — — — — — — MP3F1SRA — — — — — — — — MP6D6BR — — — — — — —— MP6B1BR — — — — — — — — MP6A8BR — — — — — — — — MP6B12BR — — — — — — —— MP6C11BR MP6B10BR % Homology MP3A7SRA MP4C10SR MP4D5BR MP3F1SRAMP6D6BR MP3D2SRA 68 60 72 65 68 MP3A3SR 67 60 73 65 67 MP3C5SR 64 61 6760 74 MP3C1SR 65 60 67 59 73 MP3G8SR 65 61 66 60 73 MP3D2BR 63 63 65 5873 MP3H6SRA 75 63 71 69 71 MP3B4SRA 75 63 71 69 71 MP4E4BR 75 63 72 7071 MP4H8SR 73 62 70 67 69 MP2F6SR 70 62 69 66 67 MP3D1BR 71 62 68 66 67MP2B5BR 63 57 63 84 65 MP2C1BR 63 56 61 85 65 MP4A12SR 63 56 61 84 64MP3F4SRA 69 60 72 63 67 MP3D3BR 67 60 70 64 66 MP3E5BR 68 60 72 64 67MP3C7SRA 69 61 72 64 68 MP2F1BR 67 61 70 64 68 MP2C5BR 65 62 69 63 67MP2C10BR 66 59 67 66 69 MP2G5SR 65 59 67 65 67 MP3B1SRA 65 91 67 60 67MP2F10SR 97 61 67 65 71 MP3A7SRA X 61 68 63 71 MP4C10SR — X 64 58 65MP4D5BR — — X 64 69 MP3F1SRA — — — X 65 MP6D6BR — — — — X MP6B1BR — — —— — MP6A8BR — — — — — MP6B12BR — — — — — MP6C11BR MP6B10BR % HomologyMP6B1BR MP6A8BR MP6B12BR MP6C11BR MP6B10BR MP3D2SRA 67 66 67 76 70MP3A3SR 67 65 66 77 71 MP3C5SR 63 60 63 70 64 MP3C1SR 63 60 62 70 65MP3G8SR 63 61 63 71 64 MP3D2BR 64 60 63 68 67 MP3H6SRA 71 68 70 82 70MP3B4SRA 71 68 70 82 70 MP4E4BR 71 68 70 80 71 MP4H8SR 70 67 70 79 71MP2F6SR 69 68 67 78 69 MP3D1BR 71 69 69 79 70 MP2B5BR 63 63 62 70 65MP2C1BR 64 63 62 70 65 MP4A12SR 63 63 62 70 65 MP3F4SRA 68 65 65 76 71MP3D3BR 66 64 64 75 69 MP3E5BR 68 65 66 77 71 MP3C7SRA 68 66 66 78 71MP2F1BR 65 64 64 74 67 MP2C5BR 64 62 63 73 67 MP2C10BR 68 64 68 74 73MP2G5SR 66 64 66 73 73 MP3B1SRA 69 68 69 69 65 MP2F10SR 66 65 67 77 68MP3A7SRA 65 65 67 77 69 MP4C10SR 64 63 66 66 63 MP4D5BR 68 65 67 76 73MP3F1SRA 64 64 63 71 68 MP6D6BR 70 65 70 77 73 MP6B1BR X 78 81 76 71MP6A8BR — X 75 74 66 MP6B12BR — — X 73 68 MP6C11BR X 77 MP6B10BR X

TABLE 11 Treatment schedule Group Animals Description Schedule 1 8negative control 1 daily 100 μl PBS i.p. + ip 2 8 negative control 2every other day 100 μl PBS rectal for 2 rectal weeks 3 8 negativecontrol 3 daily 100 μl PBS intragastric for 14 intragastric consecutivedays 4 8 positive control 1 5 μg i.p. for 7 consecutive daysdexamethasone 5 8 positive control 2 applied orally once per day for 14IL10 expressing I.lactis consecutive days 6 8 bivalent VHH 3F daily 100μg bivalent VHH 3F₂ intra-gastric intragastric on 14 consecutive days 78 bivalent VHH 3F daily 100 μg bivalent VHH 3F i.p. for 14 i.p.consecutive days 8 8 bivalent VHH 3F 100 μg bivalent VHH 3F rectally in100 μl rectally PBS every other day for two weeks

1. Anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide comprising one or more single domainantibodies directed against tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) andan Fc domain.
 2. Anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide according to claim 1, inwhich the Fc domain is a human Fc domain.
 3. Anti-TNF-alpha polypeptideaccording to claim 1, in which the one or more single domain antibodiesdirected against tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) are fused tothe Fc domain.
 4. Anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide according to claim 1, whichinhibits the interaction between TNF alpha and one or more TNF alphareceptors.
 5. Anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide according to claim 1, whichmodifies the biological activity of TNF-alpha after binding to TNFalpha.
 6. Anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide according to claim 1, which bindsinto the receptor-binding groove of TNF-alpha.
 7. Anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide according to claim 1, in which said one or more singledomain antibodies directed against TNF-alpha bind to TNF-alpha with anaffinity of better than 10⁻⁶ M.
 8. Anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide accordingto claim 1, in which said one or more single domain antibodies directedagainst TNF-alpha have an amino acid selected from glycine, alanine,valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, tyrosine,tryptophan, methionine, serine, threonine, asparagine and glutamine atposition 45 and a tryptophan at position 103 according to the Kabatnumbering.
 9. Anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide according to claim 1, in whichsaid one or more single domain antibodies directed against TNF-alphahave an arginine residue at position 103 according to the Kabatnumbering.
 10. Anti-TN F-alpha polypeptide according to claim 1, inwhich said one or more single domain antibodies directed againstTNF-alpha are one or more Camelidae VHHs.
 11. Anti-TNF-alpha polypeptideaccording to claim 10, in which said one or more single domainantibodies directed against TNF-alpha are one or more humanizedCamelidae VHHS.
 12. Anti-TN F polypeptide according to claim 1, whereinthe one or more one single domain antibodies directed against TNF-alphacomprises a sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 16 or 79 to84, or comprises: a) a sequence that is more than 70% identical to thesequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 16 or 79 to 84; b) a functionalportion of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 16 or 79 to 84 that maintains theinteraction with the target with affinity of 1×10⁻⁶ M or better; c) afunctional portion of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 7, 23 to 31, and 62 to 65that comprises a partial deletion of the complete amino acid sequenceand still maintains the binding site(s) and protein domain(s) necessaryfor the binding of and interaction with the target.
 13. Anti-TNFpolypeptide according to claim 12, wherein the one or more one singledomain antibodies directed against TNF-alpha comprises a sequence thatis more than 80% identical to the sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 16or 79 to
 84. 14. Anti-TNF polypeptide according to claim 13, wherein theone or more one single domain antibodies directed against TNF-alphacomprises a sequence that is more than 90% identical to the sequence ofany of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 16 or 79 to
 84. 15. Anti-TNF polypeptideaccording to claim 12, wherein the one or more one single domainantibodies directed against TNF-alpha comprises a sequence representedby any of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 16 or 79 to
 84. 16. Anti-TNF polypeptideaccording to claim 1, wherein the one or more one single domainantibodies directed against TNF-alpha comprises the sequence of SEQ IDNO: 4, or comprises: a) a sequence that is more than 70% identical tothe sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4; b) a functional portion of SEQ ID NO: 4that maintains the interaction with the target with affinity of 1×10⁻⁶ Mor better; c) a functional portion of SEQ ID NO: 4 that comprises apartial deletion of the complete amino acid sequence and still maintainsthe binding site(s) and protein domain(s) necessary for the binding ofand interaction with the target.
 17. Anti-TNF polypeptide according toclaim 16, wherein the one or more one single domain antibodies directedagainst TNF-alpha comprises a sequence that is more than 80% identicalto the sequence of SEQ ID NO:4.
 18. Anti-TNF polypeptide according toclaim 17, wherein the one or more one single domain antibodies directedagainst TNF-alpha comprises a sequence that is more than 90% identicalto the sequence of SEQ ID NO:4.
 19. Anti-TNF polypeptide according toclaim 16, wherein the one or more one single domain antibodies directedagainst TNF-alpha comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:4.
 20. Method fortreating and/or preventing and/or alleviating disorders relating toinflammatory processes, comprising administering to a subject atherapeutically effective amount of an anti-TNF polypeptide according toclaim
 1. 21. Method for treating and/or preventing and/or alleviatingdisorders relating to inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn'sdisease, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel syndrome, multiplesclerosis, Addison's disease, Autoimmune hepatitis, Autoimmuneparotitis, Diabetes Type I, Epididymitis, Glomerulonephritis, Graves'disease, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Hashimoto's disease, Hemolytic anemia,Systemic lupus erythematosus, Male infertility, Multiple sclerosis,Myasthenia Gravis, Pemphigus, Psoriasis, Rheumatic fever, Rheumatoidarthritis, Sarcoidosis, Scleroderma, Sjogren's syndrome,Spondyloarthropathies, Thyroiditis, or Vasculitis, comprisingadministering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of ananti-TNF polypeptide according to claim
 1. 22. Composition comprising apolypeptide according to claim 1 and a suitable pharmaceutical vehicle.23. Method for treating and/or preventing and/or alleviating disordersrelating to inflammatory processes, comprising administering to asubject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition according toclaim
 22. 24. Method for treating and/or preventing and/or alleviatingdisorders relating to inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn'sdisease, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel syndrome, multiplesclerosis, Addison's disease, Autoimmune hepatitis, Autoimmuneparotitis, Diabetes Type I, Epididymitis, Glomerulonephritis, Graves'disease, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Hashimoto's disease, Hemolytic anemia,Systemic lupus erythematosus, Male infertility, Multiple sclerosis,Myasthenia Gravis, Pemphigus, Psoriasis, Rheumatic fever, Rheumatoidarthritis, Sarcoidosis, Scleroderma, Sjogren's syndrome,Spondyloarthropathies, Thyroiditis, or Vasculitis, comprisingadministering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of acomposition according to claim
 22. 25. Anti-TNF-alpha polypeptidecomprising one or more single domain antibodies directed against tumornecrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and an effector group. 26.Anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide according to claim 25, in which the effectorgroup is a human Fc domain.
 27. Anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide according toclaim 26, in which the one or more single domain antibodies directedagainst tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) are fused to the Fcdomain.
 28. Anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide according to claim 25, whichinhibits the interaction between TNF alpha and one or more TNF alphareceptors.
 29. Anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide according to claim 25, whichmodifies the biological activity of TNF-alpha after binding to TNFalpha.
 30. Anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide according to claim 25, which bindsinto the receptor-binding groove of TNF-alpha.
 31. Anti-TNF-alphapolypeptide according to claim 25, in which said one or more singledomain antibodies directed against TNF-alpha bind to TNF-alpha with anaffinity of better than 10⁻⁶ M.
 32. Anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide accordingto claim 25, in which said one or more single domain antibodies directedagainst TNF-alpha have an amino acid selected from glycine, alanine,valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, tyrosine,tryptophan, methionine, serine, threonine, asparagine and glutamine atposition 45 and a tryptophan at position 103 according to the Kabatnumbering.
 33. Anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide according to claim 25, inwhich said one or more single domain antibodies directed againstTNF-alpha have an arginine residue at position 103 according to theKabat numbering.
 34. Anti-TNF-alpha polypeptide according to claim 25,in which said one or more single domain antibodies directed againstTNF-alpha are one or more Camelidae VHHs.
 35. Anti-TNF-alpha polypeptideaccording to claim 34, in which said one or more single domainantibodies directed against TNF-alpha are one or more humanizedCamelidae VHHs.
 36. Anti-TNF polypeptide according to claim 35, whereinthe one or more one single domain antibodies directed against TNF-alphacomprises a sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 16 or 79 to84, or comprises: a) a sequence that is more than 70% identical to thesequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 16 or 79 to 84; b) a functionalportion of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 16 or 79 to 84 that maintains theinteraction with the target with affinity of 1×10⁻⁶ M or better; c) afunctional portion of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 7, 23 to 31, and 62 to 65that comprises a partial deletion of the complete amino acid sequenceand still maintains the binding site(s) and protein domain(s) necessaryfor the binding of and interaction with the target.
 37. Anti-TNFpolypeptide according to claim 36, wherein the one or more one singledomain antibodies directed against TNF-alpha comprises a sequence thatis more than 80% identical to the sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 16or 79 to
 84. 38. Anti-TNF polypeptide according to claim 37, wherein theone or more one single domain antibodies directed against TNF-alphacomprises a sequence that is more than 90% identical to the sequence ofany of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 16 or 79 to
 84. 39. Anti-TNF polypeptideaccording to claim 36, wherein the one or more one single domainantibodies directed against TNF-alpha comprises a sequence representedby any of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 16 or79 to
 84. 40. Anti-TNF polypeptideaccording to claim 25, wherein the one or more one single domainantibodies directed against TNF-alpha comprises the sequence of SEQ IDNO: 4, or comprises: a) a sequence that is more than 70% identical tothe sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4; b) a functional portion of SEQ ID NO: 4that maintains the interaction with the target with affinity of 1×10⁻⁶ Mor better; c) a functional portion of SEQ ID NO: 4 that comprises apartial deletion of the complete amino acid sequence and still maintainsthe binding site(s) and protein domain(s) necessary for the binding ofand interaction with the target.
 41. Anti-TNF polypeptide according toclaim 40, wherein the one or more one single domain antibodies directedagainst TNF-alpha comprises a sequence that is more than 80% identicalto the sequence of SEQ ID NO:4.
 42. Anti-TNF polypeptide according toclaim 41, wherein the one or more one single domain antibodies directedagainst TNF-alpha comprises a sequence that is more than 90% identicalto the sequence of SEQ ID NO:4.
 43. Anti-TNF polypeptide according toclaim 40, wherein the one or more one single domain antibodies directedagainst TNF-alpha comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:4.
 44. Method fortreating and/or preventing and/or alleviating disorders relating toinflammatory processes, comprising administering to a subject atherapeutically effective amount of an anti-TNF polypeptide according toclaim
 25. 45. Method for treating and/or preventing and/or alleviatingdisorders relating to inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn'sdisease, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel syndrome, multiplesclerosis, Addison's disease, Autoimmune hepatitis, Autoimmuneparotitis, Diabetes Type I, Epididymitis, Glomerulonephritis, Graves'disease, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Hashimoto's disease, Hemolytic anemia,Systemic lupus erythematosus, Male infertility, Multiple sclerosis,Myasthenia Gravis, Pemphigus, Psoriasis, Rheumatic fever, Rheumatoidarthritis, Sarcoidosis, Scleroderma, Sjogren's syndrome,Spondyloarthropathies, Thyroiditis, or Vasculitis, comprisingadministering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of ananti-TNF polypeptide according to claim
 25. 46. Composition comprising apolypeptide according to claim 25 and a suitable pharmaceutical vehicle.47. Method for treating and/or preventing and/or alleviating disordersrelating to inflammatory processes, comprising administering to asubject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition according toclaim
 46. 48. Method for treating and/or preventing and/or alleviatingdisorders relating to inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn'sdisease, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel syndrome, multiplesclerosis, Addison's disease, Autoimmune hepatitis, Autoimmuneparotitis, Diabetes Type I, Epididymitis, Glomerulonephritis, Graves'disease, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Hashimoto's disease, Hemolytic anemia,Systemic lupus erythematosus, Male infertility, Multiple sclerosis,Myasthenia Gravis, Pemphigus, Psoriasis, Rheumatic fever, Rheumatoidarthritis, Sarcoidosis, Scleroderma, Sjogren's syndrome,Spondyloarthropathies, Thyroiditis, or Vasculitis, comprisingadministering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of acomposition according to claim
 46. 49. A method for synthesizing asingle-domain-effector group (dAb-effector group) suitable for in vivouse comprising the steps of: (a) selecting an antibody single variabledomain having an epitope binding specificity; and (b) attaching thesingle domain of step (a) to an effector group.
 50. A method accordingto claim 49 wherein the antibody single variable domain is a heavy chainvariable domain.
 51. A method according to claim 49 wherein the effectorgroup comprises any one or more of those groups selected from the groupconsisting of: an antibody CH1 heavy chain domain, an antibody CH2 heavychain domain, an antibody CH3 heavy chain domain, an Fc region of anantibody and a hinge region of an antibody molecule.
 52. A methodaccording to claim 49, wherein the effector group constitutes an Fcregion of an antibody.
 53. A method according to claim 49, wherein theeffector group consists of a CH2 and CH3 domain.
 54. A method accordingto claim 51, wherein the effector group consists of a CH2 domain, a CH3domain and the hinge region of an antibody molecule.
 55. A methodaccording to claim 49, wherein the antibody single variable domain is anon-Camelid variable domain.
 56. A method according to claim 55, whereinthe antibody single variable domain is a human variable domain.
 57. Amethod according to claim 49, wherein the antibody single variabledomain comprises one or more human framework regions.
 58. A methodaccording to claim 49, wherein the antibody single variable domaincomprises four framework regions as defined by Kabat, which are derivedfrom a human.
 59. A method according to claim 58, wherein one or more ofthe human framework regions as defined by Kabat are identical on theamino acid level to those encoded by human germline antibody genes. 60.A method according to claim 49, wherein the antibody single variabledomain is isolated, in part, by human immunization.
 61. A methodaccording to claim 49, wherein the antibody single variable domain isnot isolated by animal immunization.
 62. A method according to claim 49,wherein the effector group is of Camelid or human origin.
 63. A methodaccording to claim 49, wherein the single variable domain comprises oneor more human framework regions and the immunoglobulin effector group isof human origin.
 64. A method according to claim 63, wherein the singlevariable domain comprises four human framework regions and theimmunoglobulin effector group is of human origin.
 65. A method accordingto claim 49, wherein attaching of the single variable domain to theeffector group in step (b) is effected by expressing thesingle-domain-effector group as a fusion polypeptide.
 66. A dAb-effectorgroup comprising: (a) an antibody single variable domain having anepitope binding specificity; and (b) an effector group attached to saidantibody single variable domain.
 67. A medicament comprising thedAb-effector group of claim
 66. 68. A dAb-effector group according toclaim 66, wherein the antibody single variable domain is a heavy chainvariable domain.
 69. A dAb-effector group according to claim 66, whereinthe effector group comprises any one or more of those groups selectedfrom the group consisting of: an antibody CH1 heavy chain domain, anantibody CH2 heavy chain domain, an antibody CH3 heavy chain domain, anFc region of an antibody and a hinge region of an antibody molecule. 70.A dAb-effector group according to claim 69 wherein the effector groupconsists of a CH2 and CH3 domain.
 71. A dAb-effector group according toclaim 69 wherein the effector group consists of a CH2 domain, a CH3domain and the hinge region of an antibody molecule.
 72. A dAb-effectorgroup according to claim 69 wherein the effector group constitutes an Fcregion of an antibody.
 73. A dAb-effector group according to claim 66,wherein the antibody single variable domain is of human origin.
 74. AdAb-effector group according to claim 66, wherein the antibody singlevariable domain comprises human framework regions.
 75. A dAb-effectorgroup according to claim 66, wherein the effector group is of Camelid orhuman origin.
 76. A dAb-effector group according to claim 66, whereinthe single variable domain comprises one or more human framework regionsand the immunoglobulin effector group is of human origin.
 77. Two ormore dAb-effector groups according to claim 66 provided as a higherorder structure selected from the group consisting of the following:dimers, trimers and multimers.
 78. Two dAb-effector groups according toclaim 77 provided as a heterodimer or a homodimer.
 79. Two dAb-effectorgroups according to claim 78 provided as a homodimer.
 80. A nucleic acidmolecule encoding a dAb-effector group according to claim
 66. 81. Anucleic acid molecule according to claim 80 further encoding a signalsequence for export of the dAb and effector group from the cytoplasm ofa host cell upon expression.
 82. A vector comprising nucleic acidaccording to claim
 80. 83. A host cell transfected with a vectoraccording to claim
 82. 84. A composition comprising a dAb-effectorgroup(s) according to claim 66 and a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier, diluent or excipient.
 85. A method of treating and/orpreventing disease in a patient, wherein the method comprisesadministering to the patient a dAb-effector group(s) according to claim66 or a composition according to claims
 84. 86. A medicament for thetreatment and/or prevention of disease, comprising the dAb-effectorgroup of claim 66 or the composition of claim
 84. 87. A method for thetreatment and/or prophylaxis of an inflammatory disease in a patient inneed of such treatment and/or prophylaxis which comprises the step ofadministering to that patient a therapeutically effective amount of adAb-effector group according to claim
 66. 88. A method according toclaim 87 wherein the inflammatory disease is mediated by TNF alpha andis selected from the group consisting of the following: rheumatoidarthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD),multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's, and glomerular nephritis.
 89. A methodaccording to claim 88, wherein the TNF alpha is human TNF alpha and thepatient is a human.